Pakistan Affairs

Lecture 3:
Mughal Rule in
the subcontinent
1526AD-1857AD
Era of Zaheer-ud-Din Mohammad Babar
1526AD-1530AD

• He was the founder of Mughal

empire
• He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi in first
battle of Panipat 1526
• Babur used cannons effectively
• He was a great warrior and
administrator
• He died in 1530AD
• He was succeeded by his eldest
son Humayun
Era of Humayun 1530AD-1540AD, 1555-
1556AD
• Humayun was ascended to throne
• He was inexperienced when he came to power
• He made his brothers governor of important areas
• His brothers were disloyal to him
• They overthrew him
• He flew to Persia
• Sher Shah Suri invaded at Chausa in 1539 and at Kanauj
in 1540
• He set his rule there and Mughal dynasty stopped
temporarily
Sher Shah Suri
1540AD-1555AD
• Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun and set his
rule in India
• He was a good administrator and followed the
step of Alla-ud-Din Khilji
• He constructed GT road
• He started a proper system of revenue collection
• He ruled till 1545 then got killed in an explosion
• His successors were incompetent and lethargic
Revival of Mughal rule 1555AD

• In 1555, Humayun defeated Mubris Khan and took the throne back
• Thereafter, he worked for arts and literature
• He made library named Din Panah
• In 1556 Humayun fell from the library and died
Era of Akbar 1556AD-1605AD
• After death of Humayun Akbar was ascended to throne
• He adopted reconciliatory policy
• He married with Hindus and tried to amalgamate all the
religions found in India to prevent disintegration and
hostilities
• He took severe measures and in this effort he distorted the
real image of Islam
• He did great damage to Muslims in subcontinent
• He gave Ain-e-Akbari
• In 1579 he gave infallibility decree
• He fought second Panipat battle with Hindu Raja in 1556AD
 • Din-e-Ilahi of Akbar 1581:
• To unite all the people of India he gave Din-e-Ilahi
• It was the amalgamation of all the religions in India
• He did this to win the hearts of people and prevent rebellion in his

Era of Akbar
empire
• People started embracing his religion

1556AD-
• Muslims were in danger in his rule
• Another problem was the concept of Wahdat-ul-Wujood

1605AD • Reform movement of Sheikh Ahmed Sirhind:

• Muslims were in dissipation during the rule of Akbar
• They abandoned their true religion and embraced the religion
introduced by Akbar
• Sheikh Ahmed of Sirhind started a reform movement
• He brought Muslims back to correct path
 • After Akbar, Jahangir ascended to throne
• His real name was Mirza Noor-ud-Din Muhammad
Salim and title was Jahangir
• It means Conqueror of the world
• He expanded the empire and added Kishtwar and
Era of Jahangir Kangra

1605AD- • He was a good ruler

• He did not do any modification to Islam
1628AD • He implemented Islamic rules and eliminated Deen-i-
Ilahi promulgated by Akbar
• During his era, English came to subcontinent
• He gave many favors to English
• He was fond of art and architecture
Era of Shahjahan
1628AD-1658AD
• His real name was Khurram
• His title was Shahjahan which means Emperor
of the world
• Mughal empire was at its zenith
• Like his ancestors he was also fond of art and
architecture
• Mughal architecture reached its extreme
exuberance during his reign
• He built marble edifices at Agra such as Diwan-
e-Aam, Diwan-e-Khas, Sheesh Mehal, Moti
Masjiid and Taj Mehal
• In 1658AD he was imprisoned by his son
Aurangzeb and died in 1666AD
Era of Aurangzeb Alamgir
1658AD-1707AD
• Aurangzeb defeated his brothers and took the throne
• He was cruel and was a staunch muslim
• He imprisoned his father
• He constructed Badshahi mosque in 1671
• Mughal empire expanded to its maximum border during his reign
• He was not kind with non-muslims of his empire
• It agitated the non-Muslims
• He banned their festivals
• He imposed a large Jizya
• His policies caused disunity among people
Timeline of Mughal Dynasty in India 1526-
1707

Zaheer-ud- Sher Shah

Din Babar Suri Akbar Shahjahan
1526- 1540- 1556- 1628-
1530 1555 1605 1658

Humayun Humayun Jahangir Aurangzeb

1530- 1555- 1605- 1658-
1540 1556 1628 1707