HUMAN

BIOLOGY
Seventeenth Edition

Sylvia S. Mader
Michael Windelspecht

Chapter 5
Cardiovascular
System

© McGraw Hill LLC. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC.
 Cardiovascular System:
Heart and Blood Vessels
 Points to Ponder
• What are the functions of the cardiovascular
system?
• What is the anatomy of the heart and blood
vessels (veins and arteries)?
• How is the heart beat regulated?
• What is blood pressure?
• What are common cardiovascular diseases and
how might you prevent them?
 What is the cardiovascular system?
CO2 O2

• Includes the heart and blood

vessels
• Heart brings nutrients to cells and
helps get rid of wastes. Respiratory System
tissue cells

• Exchange of substances occurs

thru interstitial fluid. food
Cardiovascular System

• Blood is refreshed in the lung,

kidneys, intestine and liver kidneys

• Lymphatic system help this liver

system by collecting excess fluid

surrounding tissues ( lymph) and
return it to the blood
Digestive System Urinary System

indigestible metabolic wastes

food residues (feces) (urine)
What are the function of the cardiovascular
system?
– Transport: oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other
waste products, nutrients, and hormones.
– Protection: cells of the immune system are
transported to help protect the body from infection.
– Regulation: maintains homeostasis of a variety of
the body’s conditions, Ex. pH balance, electrolyte
levels.
What is the main pathway of blood in the
body?

• Heart – arteries – arterioles – capillaries -

venules – veins – back to the heart…

• There are three types of blood vessels:

- Arteries
- Veins
- Capillaries
Structure of Arteries and Veins
 Arteries and arterioles:

• Arteries carry blood away from the heart

• Their walls have 3 layers:
– Endothelium= Thin inner epithelium
– Middle layer = Thick smooth muscle & elastic
tissue which allow artery to expand.
– Outer connective tissue.
• Arterioles are small arteries that regulate blood
flow & blood pressure.
 Capillaries:
• Microscopic vessels between
arterioles & venules
• Made of one layer of artery

endothelium. connective
tissue arteriole

• Form beds of vessels where a. precapillary

exchange with body cells occurs

blood sphincter
flow elastic tissue capillary bed
endothelium arteriovenous
smooth muscle shunt
v.
• In tissues, only certain valve

capillaries are open at one time.

venule
blood
flow vein
v = vein; a = artery

• Precapillary sphincter control

blood flow thru capillary bed.
• If it closes, blood moves from
arterioles to venules=
Arteriovenous shunt

arteriole tissue lymphatic blood lymphatic venule

cells capillary capillary duct
 Veins and venules:
• Veins carry blood toward the heart
• Venules are small veins that receive blood from the
capillaries
• Venule and vein walls have the same 3 layers as
areteries:
– Thin inner epithelium
– Thick smooth muscle layer, less than arteries.
– Outer connective tissue, less than arteries
• Veins have thinner walls than arteries, expand more.
• Veins that carry blood against gravity have valves to
keep blood flowing toward the heart
Structure of Arteries and Veins
 Exchange at the capillary beds is primarily a
result of osmotic and blood pressure

from heart to heart

Arterial end Venous end

Blood pressure is higher Tissue fluid Osmotic pressure is higher
than osmotic pressure. than blood pressure.
Net pressure out. Net pressure in.
oxygen amino carbon
acids glucose dioxide

water
wastes
water

salt plasma
protein

smooth osmotic pressure

arteriole muscle fiber blood pressure venule
 Anatomy of the heart
• A large, muscular organ consisting of mostly cardiac
tissue called the myocardium
• It is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium
• Consists of two sides, right and left, separated by a
septum
• Consists of 4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
• 2 sets of valves:
 Semilunar valves ( pulmonary & aortic)
 Atrioventricular valves (bicuspid & tricuspid valves)
• The valves give the resulting “lub” and “dup” sound
of the heart
 External anatomy of the heart
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic artery

superior vena cava

aorta

left pulmonary artery

pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins

right pulmonary artery

right pulmonary veins

left atrium
left cardiac vein
right trium
right coronary artery

left ventricle

right ventricle

left anterior descending

coronary artery

inferior vena cava

apex

a.
 Internal anatomy of the heart
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

left subclavian artery

left common carotid artery Aortic semilunar valve
brachiocephalic artery

superior vena cava

aorta

Pulmonary semilunar valve

left pulmonary artery
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins

right pulmonary artery

right pulmonary veins

left atrium
left cardiac vein
right atrium
right coronary artery

left ventricle
Chordae tendineae
right ventricle

left anterior descending

coronary artery

inferior vena cava

apex
a.
The myocardium needs its own
blood supply.
Coronary arteries supply it.
They are the first branches off the
aorta.
Coronary veins drain it.
Empty into the right atrium.

Coronary artery disease—blockage

in the coronary arteries causes a
myocardial infarction (heart
attack).
 What are the two cardiovascular pathways in the body?
CO2
jugular vein head and arms O2

• Pulmonary circuit: the right (also subclavian

vein from arms)
carotid artery
(also subclavian
artery to arms)

side of the heart that brings

blood from the different O2
CO2 O2

CO2

body parts to the heart that

pumps it to lungs. pulmonary
lungs
pulmonary
artery vein
superior
vena cava aorta

• Systemic circuit: the left heart

side of the heart that sends inferior

vena cava

blood from the heart to the

entire body to deliver
hepatic
vein
intestinal
arteries

nutrients and rid it of wastes liver digestive

hepatic tract
portal
vein renal
artery
renal
vein
kidneys
iliac vein iliac
artery

CO2 O2

trunk and legs

 How does blood flow through the heart?
• Inferior and superior vena cava (1) dump blood into the
right atrium (2)
• Right ventricle (3)
• 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where
blood becomes oxygenated
• Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back the left
atrium (7)
• Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into
the aorta (9) and to the rest of the body (10)
• Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava(1)
 Visualizing blood flow through the heart
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery cardiac
brachiocephalic artery muscle cell
mitochondrion
superior vena cava
aorta intercalated
disk
left pulmonary artery

pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary veins
right pulmonary artery

right pulmonary veins

semilunar valve
left atrium
right atrium
atrioventricular gap junction
(bicuspid) valve
atrioventricular
(tricuspid) valve

chordae tendineae b.

papillary muscles

right ventricle

septum

left ventricle

inferior vena cava

a.
b: © Dr. Don W. Fawcett/Visuals Unlimited
How do the structure of the vessels and heart match
their functions?
• The left ventricle is much more muscular than the
right ventricle because it must pump blood to the
entire body

• The arteries are more muscular than veins to

withstand the higher pressure exerted on them

• The veins have a thinner wall and a larger center to

store blood
How does the heartbeat occur?
• The cardiac cycle.
– First the atria contract together, then the ventricles,
then the heart relaxes.
– Systole—heart contraction.
– Diastole—heart relaxation.
– Occurs 70 times per minute on average.
– There are two audible sounds: “lub-dub.”
• Lub: from the closure of the AV valves.
• Dub: from the closure of the semilunar valves.
• Murmur: a swishing sound between “lub” and “dub”
from regurgitation of blood (leaky valves)
 What is the cardiac cycle?
Diastole
Ventricles relax
Blood fill all chambers semilunar
valves close
aortic semilunar valve bicuspid valve

(“dup”)
pulmonary
vein
semilunar superior
valves vena cava
aorta

left
atrium right
right atrium
atrium

left inferior
ventricle vena cava
c.
a.

right pulmonary d.
ventricle vein
aorta

atrioventricular (AV)
valves close
(‘‘lub”)

b.
Systole, Ventricles contract
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
 How is the heartbeat controlled?
• Internal control: Two nodes
– The SA node (Pacemaker) initiates the heartbeat by
sending an electric signal and causes the atria to contract
– This impulse reaches the AV node, in the base of the right
atrium. AV node sends a signal down the AV bundle and
Purkinje fibers that causes ventricular contraction
– These impulses travel between gap junctions in the
intercalated disks

• External control:
– heartbeat is also controlled by a cardiac center in the brain
( medulla oblongata) and hormones such as epinephrine
and norepinephrine stimulate the heart.
 Visualizing the heartbeat

SA node

AV node

branches of
atrioventricular
bundle

Purkinje fibers

a.
Please note that due to differing
operating systems, some animations
will not appear until the presentation is
viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide
Show view). You may see blank slides
in the “Normal” or “Slide Sorter” views.
All animations will appear after viewing
in Presentation Mode and playing each
animation. Most animations will require
the latest version of the Flash Player,
which is available at
http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.
 What is an electrocardiogram (ECG)?
• A record of the electrical changes in the heart muscle
during a cardiac cycle
• The atria produce an electrical current, called P wave
when stimulated by the SA node.
• QRS complex - wave of electric current travelling
through the ventricles.
• The recovery of the ventricles is called the T wave
• Looking at these electrical changes allows doctors to
detect abnormalities
An Electrocardiogram
 What is blood pressure?
• The pressure against a blood
vessel wall, usually measured in
an artery in the arm column of
300
mercury
• The highest pressure is during indicating
pressure
280
260
240

blood ejection from the heart in mm Hg 220

200
No sounds
(artery is
closed)
called the systolic pressure
180
160
140

• The lowest pressure is the

120 systole Sounds heard
100 (artery is
80 diastole opening

diastolic pressure when the 60

40
20
and closing)

No sounds

ventricles relax 0 (artery is open)

• Average blood pressure is inflatable rubber cuff

sounds are heard with

recorded at about 120/80 mmHg

stethoscope
squeezable bulb inflates
cuff with air
(systolic/diastolic) air valve

• Reminder: this is controlled by

the arterioles
 What is important about blood flow?

• Blood flow is under the

highest pressure in the
arteries but remember the
thick, muscular walls
• Blood flow is slower in the
capillaries which is arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins

important to allow time for

exchange between cells blood
pressure
total
cross-sectional

• Blood pressure is minimal

area of
Magnitude vessels

in the veins and venules but velocity

blood flow increases

Blood Flow
 If blood pressure is so low in the veins why does
the blood flow increase?
to heart to heart

They have help:

1.Skeletal muscle contraction
2. Respiratory pump, Breathing.
3. Valves in veins

b. Closed valve prevents

a. Contracted skeletal
backward flow of blood
muscle pushes blood
past open valve.
 What is the hepatic portal system?
• A system that brings blood from the digestive tract
rich in amino acids and glucose to the liver

• The liver synthesizes blood proteins and stores the

glucose as glycogen

• The liver also plays a role in purifying blood from the

digestive tract

• Finally, the blood will return to the heart via the

inferior vena cava
 Why should we care about cardiovascular
disease?

• Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most

common cause of death in the western world.
• Hypertension/high blood pressure
• Atherosclerosis
• Stroke
• Heart attack
• Aneurysm
 Hypertension
• High blood pressure results when blood moves through
vessels at a rate higher than normal often due to arterial
plaque

• 140/90 mmHg is considered hypertension

• A silent killer because there are few symptoms, until it

causes kidney failure.

• Can lead to a heart attack, stroke or kidney failure.

• Treated with diuretics which increases urination.
 Atherosclerosis
• A build up of plaque in blood vessels that narrows blood vessel.
• Thrombus- a clot that is stationary.
• Embolus- when the clot detaches and can move to distant sites
• Associated with a stroke, heart attack and aneurysm

coronary artery plaque

normal artery artery with plaque

 Stroke
• Also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

• Usually occurs when a cranial artery is blocked or

bursts

• Part of the brain dies due to lack of oxygen

• Symptoms may occur including numbness of hands

or face, difficulty speaking and inability to see in one
eye
 Heart attack

• Also known as a myocardial infarction (MI)

• Part of the heart dies due to lack of oxygen

• Can begin with angina pectoris, a pain that

radiates down the left arm due to a blockage of
a coronary artery
 Aneurysm

• A ballooning of a blood vessel

• Atherosclerosis and hypertension can weaken

a vessel and cause ballooning

• The most commonly affected is the abdominal

artery or the arteries leading to the brain
 Bioethical Focus:
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Preventable risk factors include:
• Use of tobacco products
• Drug and alcohol abuse
• Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle
• Poor Diet
• Stress
• Poor dental hygiene