Presentation Of Group (1) & (2)

Presenting To
MA’AM WAJIHA
Group Members
 Faizan Shahid
 Umair Ali
 Imtinan Saleem
 Abdul Rehman
 Abullah
 Mahnoor
 Sidra Rehman
Wireless Communications
 Cellular Wireless Networks
 Error Control
Cellular Wireless Networks
 AMPS (1G)
 IS-95 (2G)
 IS-136 (2G)
 Advanced
Mobile/Phone System
(AMPS)
Introduction Of AMPS 1G Technology
 Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS) was an
analog mobile phone system standard
originally developed by Bell Labs and later
modified in a cooperative effort between Bell
Labs and Motorola. AMPS has been
retroactively called “1G” or first-generation
modern “cellular” mobile telephone system.
Intro Of AMPS
 First generation of wireless mobile
communication.
 Analog signals are used.
 Commercially Introduced in US in 1980s.
 When 1G technology was introduced in US it

was used as the name of AMPS.

 Support only voice calls.
 1G technology also named as Frequency

Division Multiple Access (FDMA).

Characteristics Of AMPS (1G)
 No support for SMS or Data services.
 Poor voice quality.
 Limited battery life.
 No security.
 Speed 2.4 Kbps.
 Less penetration level.
 Highly exposed to noise.
AMPS Channel
 Initially AMPS was based on FDMA with 30
KHz frequency modulation voice channels.
 The frequency allocated to AMPS by FCC

(Federal Communication Concentration) range

between 824-849 in reverse channel (Mobile
to base) and 869-894 in forward channel
(Base to mobile).
AMPS Cellular Operation
AMPS cellular radio system was launched by
using base station with support several
receiving antennas and have transmitting
antennas, which typically radiate a few
hundreds watts of effective radiated process.
a) One control channel transmitter.
b) One control channel receiver.
c) More FM duplex voice channel.
AMPS Mobile Call Originator
IS-95 2G Protocol
Introduction Of IS-95 (CDMA)
 Interim Standard 95 (IS-95) is a CDMA-based
digital cellular technology that was developed
by Qualcomm in 1990s and introduced as the
first CDMA-based mobile network.
Definition:
IS-95 is also known as CDMAOne. It
was the first ever implementation of Code
Division Multiple Access (CDMA) that is paved
the way for numerous advances in wireless
communication.
Features Of IS-95(CDMA)
 Data Transmission:
IS-95 utilizes CDMA technology, which
allows multiple users to share the same
bandwidth, resulting in efficient data
transmission.
 Spectrum Efficiency:

The CDMA technology offers improved

spectrum efficiency by allowing more
simultaneous calls within the same frequency
range.
 Capacity:
It offers increased capacity compared to its
predecessors, now it ables to support more
users within the same bandwidth.
 Call Quality & Coverage:

It provides enhanced call quality and

coverage due to its digital nature and ability to
reduce interference and noise.
 Technology Generation:

IS-95 is a second generation (2G) cellular

technology.
Advantages Of IS-95(CDMA)
 Increased Capacity and Efficiency.
 Enhanced Call Quality and Coverage.
 Reduced Interference and Noise.
Services Of IS-95
 Services:
 Convolution Encoder.
 Repetition Circuit.
 Data Scrambling.
IS-136 (TDMA) 2G Protocol
Introduction Of IS-136 (TDMA)
IS-136, also known as D-AMPS (Digital
Advanced Mobile Phone Service) or NAM TDMA
(North American TDMA), was a second-
generation (2G) digital cellular network
standard used primarily in North America. It
operated in the 800 MHz frequency band and
employed Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
technology.
Working Of IS-136
 TDMA Technology:
IS-136 utilized TDMA, which divides the
frequency spectrum into time slots. Each time
slot can carry a separate voice or data call. In
the case of IS-136, it used a 30 kHz frequency
division and offered three time slots per
frequency.
Working
 Data Transmission:
IS-136 supported both voice and data
transmission. Voice calls were digitized and
transmitted in one or more time slots. Data
transmission was possible at lower speeds and
was typically used for services like short
messaging (SMS) and circuit-switched data.
Working
 Control Channels:
IS-136 had dedicated control channels to
manage call setup, handovers, and other
signaling functions. These control channels
were separate from the voice and data channels
and were used to establish and maintain
communication between mobile devices and the
network.
Working
 Switching and Network Infrastructure:
The network infrastructure for IS-136
consisted of Mobile Switching Centers (MSCs),
Base Station Controllers (BSCs), and Base
Transceiver Stations (BTSs). MSCs were
responsible for call switching and network
management, while BSCs controlled multiple
BTSs and managed the radio resources.
Switching and Network Infrastructure
Working
 Compatibility:
IS-136 was designed to be backward
compatible with the earlier analog AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone Service) standard. This
allowed existing analog phones to operate on
IS-136 networks with the help of dual-mode
devices that could handle both analog and
digital signals.
IS-136 Old Technology
 It's important to note that IS-136 is an older
cellular standard that has been superseded
by more advanced technologies like 3G, 4G
(LTE), and now 5G. These newer standards
provide faster data speeds, enhanced
capacity, and a wider range of services
compared to IS-136.
Comparison
 IS-136 uses TDMA  IS-95 uses CDMA
multiple access. multiple access
 IS-136 channel techniques.
 IS-95 channel
bandwidth is
bandwidth is about
about 30 KHz. 1250 KHz.
 IS-136 frame  IS-95 frame
duration is about duration is about
40ms. 20ms.

IS-136 IS-95
Comparison
 IS-136 supports  IS-95 supports
832 duplex 20 channels.
channels.  IS-95 uses
 IS-136 uses QCELP.
speech coding
technique VSELP

IS-136 IS-95
ERROR CONTROL
 What is Error ?
 Types of errors
 Error Detection
 Error Correction
ERROR
 Error is a condition when the receiver’s
information does not match the sender’s
information. During transmission, digital
signals suffer from noise that can introduce
errors in the binary bits travelling from
sender to receiver. That means a 0 bit may
change to 1 or a 1 bit may change to 0.
Types Of Errors
 Some errors that occur during
communication are given below:

 Single-Bit Error

Typically, only one bit of the frame received is

corrupt, and the corrupted bit can be located
anywhere in the frame.
 Refer to the below image for the single-bit
error:
 Multiple-bit Error

More than one bit received in the frame is found to

be corrupted. Refer to the below image for the
multiple-bit error.
 Burst Error

More than one consecutive bit is corrupted in the

received frame.
Refer to the below image for the burst-bit error:
Error Detection
 Errors in the received frames are detected by
the means of Parity Check and Cyclic
Redundancy Check (CRC). In both cases, few
extra bits are sent along with actual data to
confirm that bits received at other end are
same as they were sent.
Parity Check
 One extra bit is sent along with the original
bits to make number of 1’s either even in case
of even parity, or odd in case of odd parity.

The sender while creating a frame counts the

number of 1’s in it. For example, if even parity is
used and number of 1’s is even then one bit with
value 0 is added. This way number of 1’s remains
even. If the number of 1’s is odd, to make it even
a bit with value 1 is added.
Error Detection
 Simple Parity Check
Simple-bit parity is a simple error detection
method that involves adding an extra bit ta a
data transmission. It works as:
 1 is added to the block if it contains an odd number of
1’s, and
 0 is added if it contains an even number of 1’s
This scheme makes the total number of 1’s
even, that is why it is called even parity
checking.
Two-Dimensional Parity Check
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
 The CRC is a network method designed to
detect errors in the data and information
transmitted over the network. This is
performed by performing a binary solution on
the transmitted data at the sender's side and
verifying the same at the receiver's side.
CRC
Checksum
 Checksum error detection is a method used
to identify errors in transmitted data. The
process involves dividing the data into
equally sized segments and using a 1’s
complement to calculate the sum of these
segments. The calculated sum is then sent
along with the data to the receiver. At the
receiver’s end, the same process is repeated
and if all zeroes are obtained in the sum, it
means that the data is correct.
Error Correction
Error correction codes are used to detect and
repair mistakes that occur during data
transmission from the transmitter to the
receiver.
There are two approaches to error
correction:
 Backward Error Correction
When a backward mistake is detected, the receiver
requests that the sender retransmit the complete data
unit.

 Forward Error Correction

In this scenario, the error-correcting code is used by
the receiver, which automatically corrects the mistakes.

A single extra bit can identify but not repair the mistake.
Example
2^r = d+r+1
Where, r = redundant bit
d = data bit
The value of r is calculated by using the above formula.
For example, if the value of d is 4, then the possible
smallest value that satisfies the above relation would
be 3.

2^3 >= 4+3+1

8 >= 8
The redundant bit = 3.