MEASURES

OF 
VARIABILIT
Y
Ann Ruby A. Blando
 OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to;

1. Differentiate descriptive from inferential statistics

2. Gain an understanding on the different symbols used on evaluating

data/observations, specifically,

3. Learn how to compute for the Measures of Variability (Range,

Standard Deviation and Variance)

4. Appreciate when or which conditions they are most appropriately

used.
REVIEW:

Example 1: Jessie’s math teacher said that

their final class grade is based on the average
of all exam grades. Jessie has gotten
a 93,87,71, and 97 on her math exams.

What measure of central tendency will she

used to calculate the average? What is the
average?
REVIEW:

Example 2: Meghan wants to get an accurate picture of household

salary in her neighborhood. The salaries for people in her
neighborhood are: 87,000;94,000;103,000;97,000; and 55,000.

What measure of central tendency will most accurately describe

the data?
REVIEW:
Example 3: At her birthday party, Charlotte
asks everyone to go around and say their
favorite Taylor Swift song. In order, people
respond with:

All Too Well, Shake it Off, Black Space, New

Romantics, All Too Well, New Romantics, All Too
Well, and Mr Perfectly Fine

Charlotte wants to know which song is the most

popular. What measure of central tendency
should she use?
Copyright © 2000 by Monica Yuskaitis
 Statistics
Statistics is the science, or a branch of mathematics, that
involves collecting, classifying, analyzing, interpreting, and
presenting numerical facts and data. 

It is especially handy when dealing with populations too

numerous and extensive for specific, detailed
measurements. 

It can be broken down into two major areas: descriptive

and inferential statistics. 
Descriptive Statistics
➢ This comprises the methods The following measures fall under
concerned with collecting, descriptive statistics: 
describing, and summarizing a 1) Construction of tables, charts, and graphs. 
set of data to yield meaningful 2) Measures of Central Tendency (Mean,
information.  Median, Mode) – describes the data which
lies in the center of a given frequency
➢ This provides information distribution. 
only about the collected data 3) Measures of Dispersion (Range, Variance,
and in no way draws inferences Standard Deviation) - describes how the
or conclusions concerning a scores are spread over the whole
larger set of data.  distribution. 
4) Measures of Position (Quartile, Decile,
Percentile)
Inferential Statistics
➢ This is also known as, statistical inference, refers to the
process of arriving at a conclusion about a population based
on the information obtained from a sample. 

➢ This is a procedure of drawing conclusions and predictions

about the given data which is subjected to random variations.

➢ In inferential statistics, the common statistical measures

used in are analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-Square test,
correlation, regression analysis, and t-test. 
Inferential Statistics
Inferential Statistics can be divided into two major
divisions: 

1. Estimation – is the process of approximating the value

of a parameter from the information taken from a sample. 

2. Hypothesis Testing – is the process of making decisions

for evaluating claims about the population. 
Objective: Differentiate descriptive from
inferential statistics. 

A. Categorize the statements whether this

belongs to Descriptive Statistics Inferential
Statistics.
Learning Task No. 1 – Which is which?
             
Objective: Differentiate descriptive from inferential statistics. 
A. Categorize the statements whether this belongs to Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics.
Write A for Descriptive Statistics and B for Inferential Statistics. 
________1. Two hundred three graduate students participated in the online survey conducted in the last week of August 2020 on
the relationship of resilience on COVID-19 perceived stress, anxiety, and fear. 
________2. We can expect the price of gasoline to double next year due to the recent cutbacks among the oil-producing nations. 
________3. The findings revealed that after exposing the experimental group to the Internet of Things approach and the control
group in the lecture-discussion method, the performance of the two groups in the posttest varies. 
________4. As reported in the previous year in a certain city, 5% of all fires were deliberately set by arsonists. 
________5. Due to the frost last winter, let us assume that 20% of the Columbian coffee beans were ruined therefore, we should
expect an increase of no more than 30 centavos for a kilogram of coffee by the end of the year. 
________6. Of all patients who have received this drug at a local clinic, 60% later developed significant side effects. 
________7. After the trials made, the following brands of vaccine has announced its efficacy: Pfizer/BioNTech, 95%; Gamaleya,
92%; Moderna, 94.5%, and AstraZeneca, 70%. 
________8. According to OCTA Research’s TUGON NG MASA survey results that were conducted to 600 respondents in Metro
Manila with ages 18 and above, only 25% of them responded to be vaccinated against COVID-19. 
________9. At the subnational level, variation in COVID-19 outcome timings is found to be correlated with poverty, deprivation, and
segregation levels, and a weaker connection is observed for mean age, wealth, and urbanity. 
________10. The proposed application of robotics can also be utilized for cleaning in emergency interventions. Progress so far is
promising for successful deployment in the actual environment at later stages.
Variability
•Variability is also referred to as spread, scatter or
dispersion. It is most measured with the following:

•Range: the difference between the highest and

lowest values
•Standard deviation: average distance from the
mean
•Variance: average of squared distances from the
mean
•Understanding variability is essential to determine how varied or
how close/consistent the values in the data set are. When a
distribution has lower variability, the values in a dataset are more
consistent. 

•However, when the variability is higher, the data points are more
dissimilar and extreme values become more likely. 
“The average height of adult Filipinos 20 yrs and older is
163 cm for males and 151.4 cm for females, while the
average weight for males is 61.3 kgs and for females is
54.3 kgs.”

PDF File: http://122.53.86.125/NNS/8thNNS.pdf
In terms of which region has the tallest population, Central Luzon seems to have the tallest
men and women with an average height of 164.6 cm and 152.8 cm, respectively (see pg. 40 of
the PDF file under the subheading: “Mean Height and Weight of adults 20 yrs old and above
by region: Philippines, 2013”).

In terms of the region with the shortest population, Eastern Visayas seems to have the shortest
with an average height of only 161.3 cm for males and 150.1 cm for females.
PDF File: http://122.53.86.125/NNS/8thNNS.pdf
 RANGE
In statistics, the range of a set of data is the difference between the largest and smallest values. [1]
 Difference here is specific, the range of a set of data is the result of subtracting the 
sample maximum and minimum.Range is based on only the two most extreme values in the dataset. 
•Range – the difference between the
greatest and the least value in a set
of numbers.

1, 1, 3, 7, 10, 13
Range = 12
  Example 1

Find the range of the data set.

4, 7, 8, 2, 1, 2, 4, 2

range:
1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 7, 8 Subtract the least value
from the greatest value.

8– 1 = 7

The range is 7.
  Example 1

Find the range of the data set.

21, 18, 24, 19, 27

range:
18,   19,   21,   24,   27 Subtract the least value
from the greatest value.

27  -  18  =   9

The range is 9.
DATA SET 1 DATA SET 2 DATA SET 3 DATA SET 4 DATA SET 5
45 6 1 100 18

11 40 2 400 25

15 18 3 500 89

19 100 4 1000 87

7 89 5 800 34

R =  R =  R =  R =  R = 
GUIDE QUESTION:

1. Compute for the range of each data

set and write it on the 6th row.  What is
the formula for range?

2. Among the 5 data sets, which has the

lowest variability? 

3. Among the 5 data sets, which has the

highest variability?
TO FIND THE STANDARD DEVIATION OF A
SET OF VALUES: 
a. Find the mean of the data 
b. Find the difference (deviation) between each of the scores 
and the mean 
c. Square each deviation 
d. Sum the squares 
e. Dividing by one less than the number of values, find the “mean” 
of this sum (the variance*) 
f.    Find the square root of the variance (the standard deviation) 
*Note: In some books, the variance is found by dividing by n. 
In statistics it is more useful to divide by n -1.
Two Ways to
Look at
Standard
Deviation:
Sample and
Population
Where: 

⅀   - means “the sum of” 

𝑥𝑖  -  represents each value x in the date 

𝑥̅  -  is the mean of the 𝑥𝑖 values 

N  -  is the total of 𝑥𝑖 values 

LET’S TRY IT! Complete the table to solve for variance.

● STEP 2: To calculate the variance, we can use the

formula part-by-part and creating a table.

SQUARE OF THE
DIFFERENCE OF
DIFFERENCE
DATA (x) MEAN ( DATA AND MEAN 
BETWEEN DATA
(X-x)
AND MEAN

2 5.6 -3.6 12.96

1. _________ 5.6 2. __________ 3. __________

5 5.6 4. __________ 5. __________

6. _________ 5.6 1.4 1.96

10 5.6 7. ___________ 8. ___________

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRqtXL2WX2M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gpKEfVZlPj4
 LET’S TRY IT!
Complete the table of variance and
standard deviation. If the given in the 4. Which data set has the smallest standard
item is variance, solve for standard deviation? 
deviation by finding the square root of
variance. If the given is standard 5. What is the relationship between standard
deviation, just square the standard
deviation (multiply the standard
deviation and variability?
deviation by itself). 

DATA SET VARIANCE STANDARD DEVIATION

1 1.2 1. ----------------------

2 2.------------------- 3.7

3 4.5 3. ----------------------
 2. COMPLETE THE TABLE.

SQUARE OF THE
DIFFERENCE
DIFFERENCE OF DATA BETWEEN DATA AND
DATA (x) MEAN (x) AND MEAN (X – x) MEAN 
3. Find the sum of the values in
Column 4.

4. Determine the variance by dividing

your answer in No. 3 by the sample size
(n). 

5. What is the standard deviation