WELCOME TO

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC

AND PROFESSIONAL
PURPOSES
OBJECTIVES:

*• IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF AN

ACADEMIC TEXT BY EXAMINING ITS PARTS;
• IDENTIFY THE PARTS OF AN ACADEMIC
TEXT BY READING VARIOUS TEXTS.
CREATE A SCENARIO FOR THE GIVEN
PICTURE. THE FIRST STUDENT SHOULD
WRITE THE BEGINNING OR
INTRODUCTION, THE SECOND SHOULD
WRITE THE MIDDLE, AND THE LAST ONE
SHOULD COMPLETE THE WRITTEN
OUTPUT WITH AN ENDING. AND THEN ONE
STUDENT WILL READ THE WRITTEN
OUTPUT ALOUD TO THE CLASS.
 RUBRICS
Content/organization 10
Relevance 10
Group members participation 10
   
30
Total
LESSON 2

COMMON STRUCTURES OF
ACADEMIC TEXTS
●STRUCTURE IS AN IMPORTANT FEATURE OF
ACADEMIC WRITING. A WELL-STRUCTURED TEXT
ENABLES THE READER TO FOLLOW THE
ARGUMENT AND NAVIGATE THE TEXT.

● IN ACADEMIC WRITING A CLEAR STRUCTURE

AND A LOGICAL FLOW ARE IMPERATIVE TO A
COHESIVE TEXT. FURTHERMORE, IN MANY
UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENTS THE CORRECT USE
OF STRUCTURE IS PART OF THE FINAL
ASSESSMENT.
TWO COMMON STRUCTURES USED IN ACADEMIC
WRITING.

● THREE-PART ESSAY
● IMRAD
TWO COMMON STRUCTURES USED IN ACADEMIC
WRITING.

● THREE-PART ESSAY
1. INTRODUCTION
2. BODY
3. CONCLUSION
THREE-PART ESSAY
1. INTRODUCTION SHOULD DO THE FOLLOWING:
● INTRODUCE THE TOPIC.
● PLACE THE TOPIC INTO CONTEXT.
● PROVIDE BACKGROUND INFORMATION.
● POINT OUT THE AIM OF THE TEXT.
● DESCRIBE HOW THE AIM WILL BE FULFILLED.
● PROVIDE A THESIS STATEMENT FOR THE TEXT.
● SUGGEST WHAT THE FINDINGS ARE.
● EXPLAIN WHY THE TOPIC COULD BE CONSIDERED AS
INTERESTING.
● CATCH THE READERS’ INTEREST.
●THE INTRODUCTION STARTS OFF THE ESSAY WITH
IDEAS THAT WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE BODY.
THE THESIS STATEMENT ACT AS A TRANSITIONAL
SENTENCE FOR THE BODY.
THREE-PART ESSAY
2. BODY
>IS THE MAIN SECTION OF THE ESSAY, USUALLY DIVIDED
INTO SUBSECTIONS. THE BODY IS THE MOST SUBSTANTIAL
PART OF THE ENTIRE ESSAY. IT SHOULD DO THE
FOLLOWING:

●PRESENT RESEARCH DATA.

● ANALYZE DATA.
● DISCUSS DATA THOROUGHLY.

> IN SUM, THE BODY SHOULD PRESENT EVIDENCE TO

SUPPORT YOUR THESIS STATEMENT.
THREE-PART ESSAY
3. CONCLUSION
>RESTATES THE THESIS STATEMENT AND WRAPS THE
ENTIRE ESSAY. IT SHOULD SHED MORE LIGHT ON
HOW THE EVIDENCE AND DATA PRESENTED IN THE
BODY SUPPORT THE THESIS. THERE IS ALSO AN
OPPORTUNITY TO EVALUATE THE ISSUE OR TOPIC AT
HAND FOR FURTHER TOPICS IN THE FUTURE. NO NEW
MATERIAL SHOULD BE PRESENTED IN THE
CONCLUSION. LASTLY, WRITERS CAN SUGGEST
FURTHER STUDIES OR EXPLORATION OF THE TOPIC AT
HAND IN THE CONCLUSION.
TWO COMMON STRUCTURES USED IN ACADEMIC
WRITING.

● IMRaD
TWO COMMON STRUCTURES USED IN ACADEMIC
WRITING.

● IMRaD
INTRODUCTION
METHODS AND MATERIALS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
The model should however be
complemented with sections for
aims and research questions, as
these make up the very backbone
of the academic text.
I. INTRODUCTION

THE INTRODUCTION USUALLY CONTAINS THE CONTEXT

OF THE STUDY AND ADDRESSES WHAT THE STUDY WILL
ENTAIL. IT STARTS WITH A MUCH MORE GENERAL
TOPIC THAN THE INDICATED RESEARCH QUESTIONS.

IT IS NECESSARY TO INTRODUCE THE TOPIC BY

CONNECTING IT TO SOMETHING RELATABLE TO THE
READERS IN A CONTEXT THAT THEY UNDERSTAND,
THEN GRADUALLY ZOOM INTO THE TOPIC BACKED UP
WITH RESEARCH.
* WHAT ARE THE AIMS OF THE INTRODUCTION
YOU MAY OPT TO WRITE A BACKGROUND OF THE
STUDY INSTEAD OF AN INTRODUCTION. AN
INTRODUCTION AIMS TO RAISE READERS’ INTERESTS
ON THE TOPIC AND GIVES INSIGHT INTO THE FIELD OF
STUDY, WHILE A BACKGROUND PROVIDES MORE
EXTENSIVE KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE TOPIC.
II. METHODS (AND MATERIALS)

THE METHODS PART OF THIS PARTICULAR STRUCTURE

DESCRIBES HOW THE RESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED. IN
SHORT, IT EXPLAINS HOW THE AIM AND RESEARCH
QUESTIONS WERE FULFILLED AND ANSWERED. IN THIS
PART, FOCUS ON THE SIGNIFICANT PARTS AND FACTS OF
THE METHODS USED TO COLLECT DATA AND FORGO THE
SMALL DETAILS. MENTION THE STUDY DESIGN USED IN
THE RESEARCH AND CONNECT IT TO THE WAY THE DATA
WAS COLLECTED. THIS IS IMPERATIVE FOR THE
READERS TO UNDERSTAND HOW THE STUDY
PROGRESSED FROM IDEA TO APPLICATION.
III.RESULTS

THE RESULTS SECTION OBJECTIVELY PRESENTS

THE RESULTS AND HOW THEY WERE
COLLECTED IN THE METHODS PART OF THE
RESEARCH. IF MULTIPLE RESEARCH QUESTIONS
WERE PRESENTED, THEIR CORRESPONDING
RESULTS SHOULD BE REPORTED IN THE SAME
ORDER. IT IS RECOMMENDED TO USE GRAPHS
AND CHARTS TO PRESENT DATA FOR A BETTER
UNDERSTANDING.
THE KIND OF DATA PRESENTED IN FIGURES
SHOULD BE SIGNIFICANT TO THE STUDY’S
TOPIC STATEMENT AND SHOW READERS
WHAT NEEDS TO BE OBSERVED. THE DATA IN
THE GRAPHS OR FIGURES SHOULD NOT BE
REPEATED IN THE TEXT. CAPTIONS ARE
ALSO ESSENTIAL IN PRESENTING FIGURES
BECAUSE THE READERS MAY NOT READ
THEIR ENTIRE COMMENTARY.
IV.DISCUSSION
THE DISCUSSION SECTION IS WHERE THE
WRITER PRESENTS THE ANALYSIS OF THE
RESULTS. THE WRITER SHOULD .

● REMIND READERS OF THE AIM OF THE

STUDY, AND
● ANALYZE AND DISCUSS THE RESULTS,
ESPECIALLY IF THEY WERE SIGNIFICANT IN
NATURE.
TO FACILITATE THE DISCUSSION, THE FOLLOWING GUIDE
QUESTIONS CAN BE USED:
● WHAT DO THE RESULTS MEAN?
● HOW DO THEY RELATE OR RELAY TO PRIOR RESEARCH?
● WHAT ARE THE RELATIVE SIMILARITIES OR DIFFERENCES
OF THE
PREVIOUS RESEARCH TO THE CURRENT RESEARCH?
● HOW DID YOUR CHOSEN METHOD(S) AFFECT THE RESULTS?
● WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE
STUDY?
● HOW ARE THE RESULTS IMPORTANT TO FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS?
● WHAT KIND OF FUTURE RESEARCH IS NEEDED IN THE
FIELD?
CONCLUSION
END THE TEXT WITH A CONCLUSION, WHICH FULFILLS
THE AIM OF THE ENTIRE STUDY. THE CONCLUSION
HELPS CONNECT ALL THE SECTIONS OF THE
RESEARCH COHERENTLY AND HELPS FIND ITS
PRIMARY FOCUS. INSTEAD OF REITERATING THE
RESULTS, THE CONCLUSION CAN GIVE IMPLICATIONS
FOR THE STUDY ITSELF AND FUTURE RESEARCH.
WHY SHOULD THE CONCLUSION BE
INCLUDED IN THE IMRAD STRUCTURE?
WHY SHOULD THE CONCLUSION BE INCLUDED IN
THE IMRAD STRUCTURE?

THE PUROSE OF THE CONLUSION SECTION ACTS AS A

REMINDER OF THE MAIN OUTCOMES OF YOUR
WORK.
THE CONCLUSION:
A GOOD CONCLUSION REMINDS THE READER OF
WHAT WAS ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE RESEARCH
AND WHY IT WAS BENEFICIAL TO THE FIELD OF
STUDY. AS WELL AS REVIEW THE MOST IMPORTANT
FINDINGS AND CONNECTIONS.
.
DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
OF
THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AN
ACADEMIC TEXTS:

1. TITLE PAGE
DESCRIPTION OF THE VARIOUS FUNCTIONS
OF
THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS OF AN
ACADEMIC TEXTS:

1. TITLE PAGE
THE TITLE PAGE IS TO PROVIDE INFORMATION
INSTANTLY TO THE READER REGARDING THE TITLE,
AUTHOR AND TYPE OF WORK.
2. ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY
2. ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY
AN ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY PROVIDES A BRIEF
ACCOUNT OF THE MAIN CONTENT OF AN
ACADEMIC PAPER. THE PURPOSE OF THE SUMMARY
IS PARTLY TO GENERATE INTEREST, AND PARTLY TO
PRESENT THE MAIN ISSUE AND KEY RESULTS. MOST
IMPORTANTLY, THE SUMMARY IS TO CAPTURE
WHAT THE PAPER IS ABOUT.
3. INTRODUCTION
3. INTRODUCTION

THE INTRODUCTION OFTEN CONTAINS: A

BACKGROUND TO THE TOPIC, AIM AND ISSUE, A
DESCRIPTION OF THE OUTLINE OF THE TEXT AN
INTRODUCTION IS NECESSARY IN ORDER TO
ENGAGE THE READER AND ACQUAINT THEM WITH
THE SUBJECT, AS A SOFT-START AND ORIENTATION.
THE AIM OF THE ACADEMIC PAPER IS USUALLY
INCLUDED IN THE INTRODUCTION,
4. BACKGROUND
4. BACKGROUND

THIS SECTION IS TO GIVE THE READER THE

NECESSARY BACKGROUND INFORMATION IN
ORDER TO UNDERSTAND THE CONTEXT IN WHICH
YOUR STUDY WAS CONDUCTED. DEPENDING ON
THE SCOPE OF THE TEXT, THE BACKGROUND IS
SOMETIMES PART OF THE INTRODUCTION AND
SOMETIMES INCLUDED AS A SEPARATE CHAPTER.
5. LITERATURE REVIEW
5. LITERATURE REVIEW

A LITERATURE REVIEW IS A SURVEY OF

SCHOLARLY SOURCES (SUCH AS BOOKS, JOURNAL
ARTICLES, AND THESES) RELATED TO A SPECIFIC
TOPIC OR RESEARCH QUESTION. IT IS OFTEN
WRITTEN AS PART OF A THESIS, DISSERTATION, OR
RESEARCH PAPER, IN ORDER TO SITUATE YOUR
WORK IN RELATION TO EXISTING KNOWLEDGE.
6. METHODS
6. METHODS

THE METHODS SECTION OF AN ACADEMIC

PAPER IS LIKE A ROADMAP LEADING TO THE CORE
OF THE TEXT, GUIDING THE READERS THROUGH
THE ACTUAL JOURNEY THE AUTHORS TOOK TO
REACH THEIR DESTINATION. IN THE MANUSCRIPT,
THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE ESSENTIAL DETAILS
FOR OTHER READERS TO REPLICATE THE
PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY AND HELP THE
COMMON READERS TO UNDERSTAND THE STUDY
BETTER.
7. RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
7. RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

ONE OF THE MOST CENTRAL PARTS OF AN

ACADEMIC PAPER IS THE REPORTING OF RESULTS
AND SUBSEQUENT DISCUSSION. THIS IS WHERE
YOU PRESENT AND ANALYZE YOUR EMPIRICAL
MATERIAL, THAT IS, YOUR RESULTS. THIS COULD
INVOLVE ANALYSING YOUR RESULTS IN RELATION
TO PREVIOUS RESEARCH OR REFLECTING ON HOW
WELL THEY RELATE TO YOUR THEORETICAL
FRAMEWORK
8. CONCLUSION
8. CONCLUSION
THE CONCLUSION IS INTENDED TO HELP THE
READER UNDERSTAND WHY YOUR RESEARCH
SHOULD MATTER TO THEM AFTER THEY HAVE
FINISHED READING THE PAPER. A CONCLUSION IS
NOT MERELY A SUMMARY OF YOUR POINTS OR A
RE-STATEMENT OF YOUR RESEARCH PROBLEM BUT
A SYNTHESIS OF KEY POINTS
ACADEMIC DISCIPLINE
Discipline Branch Examples
Business Accounting , economics, finance, management, marketing

Humanities Art, history, languages, literature, music, philosophy, religion,

theater

Natural and Applied Biology, chemistry, computer science, engineering, geology,

Sciences mathematics, physics, medicine

Social Sciences Anthropology, education, geography, law, political science,

psychology, sociology
QUIZ
DIRECTIONS:

MATCH EACH RESPECTIVE CONCEPT IN COLUMN A

WITH ITS CORRESPONDING TECHNICAL DEFINITION
IN COLUMN B. WRITE ONLY THE LETTER OF YOUR
ANSWER BEFORE EACH CONCEPT.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
ANSWE
R
1. B
2. C
3. A
4.F
5. D
6.E
7.J
8. I
9. G
10. H