Course Title: Probability and Statistics

Course Code: MATH-107

Program: BS CS, BS Mathematics
Semester: Spring 2022

Lecture 1
Topics: Introduction to Statistics
and Data Analysis
SHAFAA QADEER
Department of Computer Sciences
GIFT University, Pakistan
 Introduction
Statistics:
• The practice of collecting and analyzing the data
• Use :Areas involve the gathering of information or scientific data
Probability:
• The chance of an outcome or event to occur.
• Examples: Toss a die Models
Flip a coin
Draw a card

Randomness Deterministic Random

↓ ↓
Output can be expressed
Output cannot be
exactly with help of a
expressed exactly with
mathematical equation
help of a mathematical
equation
 Introduction
• Four different types of probability
• Theoretical Probability based on some laws
• Empirical probabilitybased on historical and geological records
• Subjective Probability based upon intuition
• Axiomatic Probability based upon axioms
•Circle of Trust
Introduction to Statistics
and Data Analysis
 Data:
• Data: it is Latin for “those that are given”
: Can be thought as the results of the observation
• For Example:
1. Statements given to a police officer or physician or psychologist in a interview is a data
2. Correct and incorrect answers by a student on a final exam
3. Time required by a runner to complete a marathon
4. Positions of aircrafts
5. The spectral composition of light emitted by a star
 Types of data:
• Types of data:
Quantitative:
When the data studied can be reported numerically, the data is called a
quantitative data
Examples: age, weight, income
Qualitative:
When the characteristic being studied is nonnumeric, it is called a qualitative data
Examples: education, eye color, poverty
 Types of data:
• Types of Quantitative Date:
Discrete Data : can take only a discrete set of integers or whole numbers
Examples: No of persons in a house
No of room in a house
No of death in an accident
Continuous Data : can take on any value fractional or integer
Examples: Height of a plant
Weight of student
Temperature of a room
Age of a person
Types of data:

Types of Data
Study of Quantitative Data
 Study of Quantitative Data
• As show in the previous Chart data can be studied by two different Parts:
Modeling:
In this process data is represented by different plot and charts and tables.
In this form of study we will take an overview of the data
Analysis:
This is the part we summarizes the data in two or three number such that mean, median, mode etc.
The quantitative data can be grouped or ungrouped.
The methods to apply theses statistical tool to grouped and ungrouped data are different.
We will study each part of analysis in deal in coming lectures
 Data Modeling:
Frequency Table:
• Data can be arranged in the form of a table
• Table consist of 2 or some time 3 columns.
• First column represent the range of the data
• Second column represent the Frequency of data
• Frequency: total no of observation which are present in that range

Example: suppose you have the following data points

Solution:
Identify the minimum and the maximum data point.
Choose a range for the class,
There is no hard and fast rule to do that.
Tips: avoid any class have zero entry
:5-8 classes are recommended. This may vary with the no of data points
Frequency Table
Example 1:

Solution:
Data range Frequency
-10 to -1 3
0-9 13
10-19 2
20-29 1
30-39 1
Frequency Table
Example 2:

Solution:
Data range Frequency
6.5-7.4 4
7.5-8.4 1
8.5-9.4 5
9.5-10.4 7
10.5-11.4 3
 Frequency Table
The third column some is the relative frequency
Relative frequency= frequency of the class/ total number of the observations
Example 1 Example 2

Data range Frequency Relative Data range Frequency Relative

Frequency frequency
-10 to -1 3 3/20 6.5-7.4 4 4/20
0-9 13 13/20 7.5-8.4 1 1/20
10-19 2 2/20 8.5-9.4 5 5/20
20-29 1 1/20 9.5-10.4 7 7/20
30-39 1 1/20 10.5-11.4 3 3/20
 Statistical Modeling
• The importance of characterizing or summarizing the nature of collections of data should be
obvious.
• Often a summary of a collection of data via a graphical display can provide insight regarding
the system from which the data were taken.

1. Dot Plot
2. Scatter Plot
3. Stem and Leaf Plot
4. Histogram
5. Box and Whisker Plot/ Box Plot
 Dot Plot:
Example 1: Sketch the dot plot of the given data:
You can represent two different observation on the same line
 Scatter Plot:
Sketch the Scatter Plot of the given data:
Stem and Leaf plot: case 1
Step 1: Split the observation into two parts
Step 2: Generate Table
Double Stem and Leaf plot:
 Class Practice:
• Construct a stem and Leaf plot for following data
• Construct double Stem and leaf plot
 Stem and Leaf plot: Case 2
Stem Leaf Frequency
0 13789 5
1 03744567 8
• When data is in whole number
Step 1: observe max and min of data 2 01 2
Step 2: modify data
Stem Leaf Frequency
Step 3: break into stem and leaf
Step 4: draw table 0 13 2
0* 789 3
1 0344 4
1* 5677 4
2 01 2
Stem and Leaf plot: Case 2
Stem and Leaf plot: Case 3
When data is in whole number (big one)
• Prices of 100 cars from a dealer ($)
18800, 19100, 19600,18885, 19075….

Stem and Leaf plot: Case 4

When data is in mixed number
• 21.8 to 74.9
 SHAFAA QADEER
Department of Computer Sciences
GIFT University, Pakistan