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11 - Fracture Mechanics
11 - Fracture Mechanics
11 - Fracture Mechanics
Fracture mechanics
Subjects of interest
• Introduction/ objectives
• Stress intensity factor
• Determination of fracture toughness
• Fracture toughness and design
• Plasticity correction
• Crack opening displacement
• R curve
• Probabilistic aspects of fracture mechanics
2 (1
IC
G IC K 2
)
E Eq.3
Crack deformation mode. Mode I: tension, Mode II: In plane shear, Mode III: Out of plane
opening sliding shear, tearing
Fracture modes
Through thickness crack Edge crack
(a) (d) a
2a K app a K 1.12app a
Semi circular crack Corner crack
(b) 2a K 0.6 app a (e)
a K 0.8 app a
Semi elliptical crack
(c) 2a
K 0.8 app a
4) R-curve
The resistance to fractureTapany
Suranaree University of Technology
of Udomphol
a material during May-Aug 2007
EX:
Fracture toughness How long the
existing crack will grow until the
specimen fails
Flaw geometry and design of
cylindrical pressure vessel
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Stress distribution in the presence
of a crack
The stress distribution in a thin plate for an elastic solid in terms of
the coordinates (fig) is given by
12
x a cos 1 sin sin 3
2r
2 2 2
12
y a cos 1 sin sin 3
2r
2 2 2
12 3
z 2 sin cos cos
2r 2 2
Eq.5
2
Crack tip
Stress distribution
Directions of crack propagation ahead of fatigue pre-
crack Distance
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Test procedure for KIC
fracture toughness
• A pre-cracked specimen is arranged and
monotonically loaded until failure.
•Load and clip gauge displacement are
recorded during loading to give a graph,
which will be used for calculation.
Three-point
bend
arrangement for
fract
ure
toug
hness test
12 3 2 5 2 7 2 9 2
a o a o o 37.6 o a o 38.7 o a o
af o o 2.9 o a o 4.6 o 21.8
f 2.9 4.6 21.8 37.6 38.7 Eq.9
W
W
W
W W
W
W W
W W W W
i8
a 0 1 a1 a9 ai
8
i2
ao
2 Eq.10
W
If the KQ value
obtained from Eq.8 is
verified according to
Compliance function depending Eq 7, KIC.
on the crack length
B
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Typical values of KIC
24 24
K IC 171
5 10
3 0.019 MPa
a 79
seca / 2t 1.260
But the applied stress is 172 MPa.m1/2. The flaw will therefore
propagate as a brittle fracture.
360
0 900 0.4
For a 12 mm wall-
thickness, we will find
out the critical crack ac
that causes rupture. If
2a=2c, then Q = 2.35.
Note:
a c K IQ 2 (57)2 (2.35)
2
ac (15.5 mm) > wall thickness (12 mm), 1.21 1.21 15.5mm
leak before failure (360)2
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
If the crack is very elongate, e.g., a/2c = 0.05, then Q = 1.0,
and the critical crack length ac is now 6.6 mm.
• Metallurgical factors
• Test conditions 0
-300 -200 -100 0 100 200 300 400
500
-Temperature Temperature, oC
Dugdale’s model of
Estimation of plastic zone size
plastic zone
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Crack tip opening displacement
(CTOD)
For materials that exhibit certain
extent of plasticity before failure.
The crack-tip displacement concept
considers that the material ahead of the
crack contains a series of miniature tensile
specimen having a gauge
length l and a width w. Model of crack-tip displacement
Failure of specimen near the crack tip Specimen near the crack tip fails
does not immediately causes failure in first and immediately causes the
the adjacent one. need to increase adjacent one crack further.
the load to further propagate the crack. occur under decreasing stress.
controllable
stable.
Eq.14
Where stress
is the applied
rp is the plastic zone size
E is the Young’s modulus
The blunting line is drawn from the origin through the curve
where
J 2 flow (a) Eq.18
G R Eq.19
a
(a) R-curve for a ductile material,
a (b) R-curve for a brittle material.
Strength Toughness
Suranaree University of Technology Tapany Udomphol May-Aug 2007
Toughness of materials