Statistics 9 New

* Statistics
Statistics is the discipline that concerns

the collection, organization, analysis,
interpretation, and presentation of data.
Turning Point Academy

Data
Data means information in the form of numerical figures or set of given facts.
Type of data based on collection of data:
Primary data: When a investigator collects data himself with a definite

plan is called primary data.
Secondary data: Data obtained from any published or unpublished

resources is called Secondary data
Observation: Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.
Raw data: Data obtained from direct observation is called raw data
Example: the percentage marks obtained by 10 students in test is: 72, 84, 80,
96, 94, 98, 99, 80, 92, 96
Frequency: The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its

frequency.
Range: The difference between the highest and the lowest value of the data
is called range.
Grouped data
To represent the data in a more meaningful way, we condensed the data into
convenient number of classes or groups. This helps us to get some important
feature of the data at a glance.
Tabulation or presentation of data
When data is arranged systematically in a tabular form, it is called the

tabulation of data.
These grouping results in a table called the frequency table.

The quantitative data that is to be analysed statistically can be divided into
three categories
• Individual series
• Discrete Series
• Continuous series
Individual Series: Any raw data that is collected forms an individual series.
Example: the percentage marks obtained by 10 students in test is: 72, 84, 80,
96, 94, 94, 96, 80, 94, 72
Discrete Series: A discrete series is formulated using raw data by presenting

frequency of the observations
Marks Tally Frequency

marks
72 II 2
84 I 1
80 II 2
96 II 2
Turning Point Academy 94 III 3
Continuous series: When the data contains large number of observations, we
group them into different groups called class intervals such as 1-10, 11-20, etc
Here, 1-10, means data lie between 1 and 10 including both

1 is called lower limit and 10 is called upper limit
This form is called inclusive form.
Marks Frequency
71-80 2
81-90 3
91-100 5

Class Size
The difference between upper limit and lower limit is called class size.
Class Mark or Mid-value

Class mark = (upper limit + lower limit)/2
Classes can be made mainly by two method:
Inclusive series: Class in which upper limit of any class interval does not
coincides with the lowest limit of just next class interval, is called Exclusive
class interval
Exclusive series: Class in which upper limit of any class interval coincides with
the lowest limit of just next class interval, is called Exclusive class interval
Class Frequency Class Frequency

25-29 5 20-30 12
30-34 15 30-40 8
35-39 23 40-50 4
40-44 20 50-60 5
45-50
7 60-70 4
Inclusive Exclusive
Example: Ages of 40 people
33 8 7 28 30 25 6 50 24 44
56 32 27 21 17 62 58 16 14 19
24 31 27 5 12 46 15 42 67 34
4 21 10 40 20 50 48 63 9 21
Class Interval Tally Marks Frequency

1-10 IIII II 7
11-20 IIII II 7
21-30 IIII IIII 10
31-40 IIII 5
41-50 IIII I 6
51-60 II 2
61-70 III 3
Cumulative frequency table
Cumulative frequency is used to determine the number of observations that

lie above or below a particular value in data set.
Marks Frequency Cumulative

Frequency
72 2 2
80 2 4 (2+2)
84 1 5 (4+1)
94 3 8 (5+3)
96 2 10(8+2)

Q. The water tax bills of 30 houses in a locality are given below. Construct a
grouped cumulative frequency distribution with class size of 10.
30, 32, 45, 54, 74, 78, 108, 112, 66, 76, 88, 40, 14, 20, 15, 35, 44, 66, 75, 84,
95, 96, 102, 110, 88, 74, 112, 14, 34, 44
Here, Maximum value = 112 and minimum value is 14
Range = 98, Size = 10, Number of classes = 98/10 = 9.8 ≈ 10

Bill Frequency CF
14-24 4 4
24-34 2 6
34-44 3 9
44-54 3 12
54-64 1 13
64-74 2 15
74-84 5 20
84-94 3 23
94-104 3 26
104-114 4 30
Statistical graph
The information provided by a numerical frequency distribution is easily
understood when represented by diagram or graph
Some of the graphs to represent statistical data
• Bar graph
• Double bar graph
• Histogram
• Pie chat
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Cumulative frequency curves
Bar graph
A Bar Graph (also called Bar Chart) is a graphical display of data using bars of
different heights.
It is used to represent unclassified frequency distribution.
Frequency of the value represented by the length of the bar graph
The breadth of all the bars are equal.

Q. A survey of 145 people asked them "Which is the favorite fruit?":
Fruit: Apple Orange Banana Kiwifruit Blueberry Grapes

People: 35 30 10 25 40 5
And here is the bar graph:
Favorite Fruit

Double-Bar Graph
A double-bar graph is a bar graph that displays two sets of data. It is very useful
to compare data.

Pie Graph
Pie graph is a special chart that uses "pie slices" to show relative sizes of data. In
Pie graph a circle is divided into various sectors in proportion with the various
components part of the total.
Pie Chart Formula

We know that the total value of the pie is always 100%.
Also a circle subtends an angle of 360°. Hence, the total of all the data is
equal to 360°.
Based on these, there are two main formulas used in pie charts:
To calculate the percentage of the given data, we use the formula:
(Frequency ÷ Total Frequency) × 100
To convert the data into degrees we use the formula:

(Given Data ÷ Total value of Data) × 360°

Example: Construct a pie chart to visually display the favorite fruits of the students in a
class based on the given data:
Mango 45
Orange 30
Plum 15
Pineapple 30
Melon 30
Total 150
Solution:
Step 1: Find the percentage of each value:
Mango = (45/150) × 100 = 30%
Orange = (30/150) × 100 = 20%
Plum = (15/150) × 100 = 10%
Pineapple = (30/150) × 100 = 20%
Melon = (30/150) × 100 = 20%
Step 2: Finding the degree of each pie sector using the formula:
(Given data/Total Value of data) × 360°
Category Formula Degree
Mango (45/150) × 360 108°
Orange (30/150) × 360 72°
Plum (15/150) × 360 36°
Pineapple (30/150) × 360 72°
Melon (30/150) × 360 72°

Making a Pie Chart
We use the following steps to construct a pie chart and using the above-
mentioned formulas, we can calculate the data.
Step 1: Write all the data into a table and add up all the values to get a total.
Step 2: To find the values in the form of a percentage divide each value by the
total and multiply by 100.
Step 3: To find how many degrees for each pie sector we need, we take a full
circle of 360° and use the formula: (Frequency/Total Frequency) × 360°
Step 4: Once all the degrees for creating a pie chart are calculated, draw a circle
(pie chart) using the calculated measurements with the help of a
protractor.

Histogram Graph
A histogram is the graphical representation of data where data is grouped
into continuous number ranges and each range corresponds to a vertical
bar.
• The horizontal axis displays the number range.
• The vertical axis (frequency) represents the amount of data that is

present in each range.
• The number ranges depend upon the data that is being used.
• A link mark made on the horizontal axis, if there is gap between

0 and the lower boundary of first class interval

Q. The height of the trees (in inches): 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 71.5, 72, 72.5, 73,
73.5, 74, 74.5, 76, 76.2, 76.5, 77, 77.5, 78, 78.5, 79, 79.2, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,
85, 87.
Histogram
Number of
Height Range
Trees
(ft)
(Frequency)
60 - 65 3
66 - 70 3
71 - 75 8
76 - 80 10
81 - 85 5
86 - 90 1

Frequency Polygon
A frequency polygon is a line graph of class frequency plotted against
class midpoint.
It can be obtained by joining the midpoints of the tops of the rectangles
in the histogram
• To draw frequency polygon, the mid point of class intervals are taken
on x axis and the corresponding frequencies on y-axis
• The mid points are joined by straight line segments to form frequency
polygon

Example: Number of Diabetic patients at various age group
Age Frequency Class

Mark
49.5-59.5 5 54.5
59.5-69.5 10 64.5
69.5-79.5 30 74.5
79.5-89.5 40 84.5
89.5-99.5 15 94.5

Frequency Curve
The procedure for drawing a frequency curve is same as for frequency polygon. But
the points are joined by smooth or free hand curve.
Example
The ages of group of pensioners are given in the table below. Draw the Frequency curve to the
following data.
The following procedure can be followed to draw frequency curve:

Step 1 : Age are marked along the X-axis and labeled as ‘Age’.
Step 2 : Number of pensioners are marked along the Y-axis and labeled as ‘No. of Pensioners’.
Step3 : Mark the midpoints at the top of each vertical bar in the histogram representing the
age.
Step 4 : Connect the midpoints by smoothing the vertices of the frequency polygon
Cumulative Frequency Curve
A curve that represents the cumulative frequency distribution of grouped data on a graph is
called a Cumulative Frequency Curve or an Ogive.
There are two types of Cumulative Frequency Curves (or Ogives) :

• More than type Cumulative Frequency Curve
• Less than type Cumulative Frequency Curve
Uses of Ogive Curve to find median

Ogive Graph or the cumulative frequency graphs are used to find the median of
the given set of data.
If both, less than and greater than, cumulative frequency curve is drawn on the
same graph, we can easily find the median value.
The point in which, both the curve intersects, corresponding to the x-axis, gives
the median value.
Ogives are also used in computing the percentiles of the data set values.

More Than Type Cumulative Frequency Curve
Here we use the lower limit of the classes to plot the curve.
Steps:
• In the graph, put the lower limit on the x-axis
• Mark the cumulative frequency on the y-axis.
• Plot the points (x,y) using lower limits (x) and their corresponding Cumulative
frequency (y)
• Join the points by a smooth freehand curve.

Less Than Type Cumulative Frequency Curve
Here we use the upper limit of the classes to plot the curve.
• In the graph, put the upper limit on the x-axis
• Mark the cumulative frequency on the y-axis.
• Plot the points (x, y) using upper limits (x) and their corresponding
Cumulative frequency (y)
• Join the points by a smooth freehand curve.

Q. Following is the weight distribution of a group of 35 students. Draw the
cumulative frequency curve of less than type.
Weight Frequency Weight Number of
(in kg) (in kg) Students
38-40 3 Less than 40 3
40-42 2 Less than 42 5
42-44 4 Less than 44 9
44-46 5 Less than 46 14
46-48 14 Less than 48 28
48-50 4 Less than 50 32
50-52 3 Less than 52 35
Less than series

35
30
25-
20-
15-
10-
5-
| | | | | | | |
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

Q. Following is the weight distribution of a group of 35 students. Draw the
cumulative frequency curve of More than type.
Weight Frequency Weight Number of
(in kg) (in kg) Students
38-40 3 More than 38 35
40-42 2 More than 40 32
42-44 4 More than 42 30
44-46 5 More than 44 26
46-48 14 More than 46 21
48-50 4 More than 48 7
50-52 3 More than 50 3
More than series

35
30
25-
20-
15-
10-
5-
| | | | | | | |
38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52

Q. Following is the frequency distribution of a scores of 200 students in B.Tech.
entrance exam Draw the cumulative frequency curve of Less than type and
More than type.
Scores No. of
Students
200-250 30
250-300 15
300-350 45
350-400 20
400-450 25
450-500 40
500-550 10
550-600 15

Scores No. of
Students
200-250 30
250-300 15
300-350 45
350-400 20
400-450 25
Less than series 450-500 40
More than series
500-550 10
Scores Number of
Students 550-600 15 Scores Number of
Students
Less than 250
More than 200
Less than 300
More than 250
Less than 350
More than 300
Less than 400
More than 350
Less than 450
More than 400
Less than 500
More than 450
Less than 550
More than 500
Less Turning
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More than 550
Scores No. of
Students
200-250 30
250-300 15
300-350 45
350-400 20
400-450 25
Less than series 450-500 40
More than series
500-550 10
Scores Number of
Students 550-600 15 Scores Number of
Students
Less than 250 30
More than 200 200
Less than 300 45
More than 250 170
Less than 350 90
More than 300 155
Less than 400 110
More than 350 110
Less than 450 135
More than 400 90
Less than 500 175
More than 450 65
Less than 550 185
More than 500 25
Less Turning
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200
More than 550 15
200-
180
160
140
120
100-
80-
60-
40-
20-
| | | | | | | | | | | |

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
Q. The annual profits earned by 30 shops of a shopping complex is given below.
Draw both ogives for the given data. Hence find the median profit.
Profit (in lakhs) No. of shops

(frequency)
More than or equal to 5 30

Profit (in lakhs) No. of shops (frequency)
Solution: More than or equal to 5 30

More than type Less than type
Profit more than No. of shops Profit Less than No. of shops
(in lakhs) (in lakhs)
5 30 10 2
10 28 15 14
15 15 20 16
20 14 25 20
25 10 30 23
30
7 35 27
35 3 40 30
Median

Measure of central tendency
A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe
a set of data by identifying the central position within that set of data.
Measures of central tendency are sometimes called measures of central

location. They are also classed as summary statistics.
The most commonly used measures of central tendencies are

• Arithmetic mean
• Median and
• Mode
These measures give an idea about how the data is clustred

Mean
The mean (or average) is the most popular and well known measure of
central tendency.
The mean is equal to the sum of all the values in the data set divided by
the number of values in the data set.
Mean of Raw data
If we have n values in a data set and they have values x1,x2, …,xn, then
the mean ==

Example: Find the mean of this data:
111, 222, 444, 555
The mean is 333.
Q. There are 7 observation in the data and their mean is 11. If each observation
is multiplied by 2, then find the new mean

Mean of Discrete data
Direct Method
If x1,x2, …,xn, be n observations with respective frequencies f1, f2, …, fn,
then the mean =

Example 1. Calculate A.M. from the following data
Marks obtained: 4 8 12 16 20
No. of students 6 12 18 15 9
Solution: Marks No. of Students fx

x f
4 6 24
8 12 96 = = 12.6
12 18 216
16 15 240
20 9 180
N= 60 = 756
Mean of Continuous series
Direct Method
• Take mean value (m) of every class
• Multiply mean values with respective frequency m × f
• Take total and Apply formula
Income: 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of Persons: 4 7 16 20 15 8
Income Mid value M No. of Person f fm

10-20 15 4 60
20-30 25 7 175
30-40 35 16 560 = = 43.42
40-50 45 20 900
50-60 55 15 825
60-70
65 8 520
N = 70 =3040
Assumed Method
Here Assumed Mean is taken and taking deviations of variable from it. We
obtain X by using the following formula.

Where
A = Assumed Mean (Middle value)
dx = (x-A);
f = frequency
∑f or N = Total number of terms,
(Note :-This formula is often used when the variables are large in size or
infractions and direct formula is not easy to use.)

Example Calculate A.M. from the following data
Marks No. of dx = x - A f.dx

x Students
f
4 6 -8 -48
8 12 -4 -48
12 18 0 0 = 12 +
16 15 4 60
20 9 8 72 = 12 + 0.6
N= 60 = 36
= 12.6

Example. Calculate the Arithmetic Mean using Assumed method:
Solution:
Wages Worker dx = x -A fdx
x f
10 4 -40 -160
20 5 -30 -150
30 3 -20 -60
40 2 -10 -20
= 50 - 7.407
50 5 0 0
60 2 10 20
= 42.593
70 3 20 60
80 1 30 30
90 2 40 80
Σf = 27 Σfdx = -200
Example
Income: 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of Persons: 4 7 16 20 15 8
Income Mid value No. of dx = x - A f.dx

M Person f
10-20 15 4 -30 -120
20-30 25 7 -20 -140
30-40 35 16 -10 -160
40-50 45 20 0 0
50-60 55 15 10 150
60-70 65 8 20 160
N = 70 =
-110

= 45 – 1.571 = 43.42
Step – Deviation Method

Where
A = Assumed Mean (Suitable middle value)
h= class size
u = (x-A)/h;
f = frequency
∑f or N = Total number of terms,
(Note :-This formula is often used when the variables are large in size or
infractions and direct formula is not easy to use.)

Example Calculate A.M. from the following data
Mar No. of dx = x - u- f.u

ks Studen A =dx/h
x ts
f
4 6 -8 -2 -12
8 12 -4 -1 -12
= 12 + 4
12 18 0 0 0
16 15 4 1 15
= 12 + 0.6
20 9 8 2 18
N= 60 =9
= 12.6

Example: Step Deviation method
Income: 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

No. of Persons: 4 7 16 20 15 8
Income Mid No. of dx = x - u= f.u

value M Person f A dx/h
10-20 15 4 -30 -3 -12
20-30 25 7 -20 -2 -14
30-40 35 16 -10 -1 -16
40-50 45 20 0 0 0
50-60 55 15 10 1 15
60-70 65 8 20 2 16
N = 70 =
-11

= 45 – 1.571 = 43.42
Example: The following table gives the distribution of expenditures of
different families on education. Find the mean expenditure on education
Expenditure (in 1000- 1500- 2000- 2500- 3000- 3500- 4000- 4500-
Rs.): 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
No. of families: 24 10 33 28 30 22 16 7
Find the mean expenditure on education using
i) Direct method
ii) Assumed method
iii) Step-deviation method

Direct method
Class Mid value No. of f.m

Interval families
1000-1500 24
1500-2000 10
2000-2500 33
2500-2000 28
3000-3500 30
3500-4000 22
4000-4500 16
4500-5000 7
N= 170

Direct method
Class Mid value No. of f.m

Interval families
1000-1500 1250 24 30000
1500-2000 1750 10 17500
2000-2500 2250 33 74250
2500-2000 2750 28 77000
3000-3500 3250 30 97500
3500-4000 3750 22 82500
4000-4500 4250 16 68000
4500-5000 4750 7 33250
N= 170 = 480000
= = 2823.53
Assumed method
Class Mid value No. of dx = x - A f.dx

Interval families
1000-1500 24
1500-2000 10
2000-2500 33
2500-2000 28
3000-3500 30
3500-4000 22
4000-4500 16
4500-5000 7
N= 170

Assumed method
Class Mid value No. of dx = x - A f.dx

Interval families
1000-1500 1250 24 -1500 -36000
1500-2000 1750 10 -1000 -10000
2000-2500 2250 33 -500 -16500
2500-2000 2750 28 0 0
3000-3500 3250 30 500 15000
3500-4000 3750 22 1000 22000
4000-4500 4250 16 1500 24000
4500-5000 4750 7 2000 14000
N= 170 =12500
= 2750 + = 2750 + 73.53 = 2823.53

Step method
Class Mid value No. of dx = x - A u f.u

Interval families
1000-1500 24
1500-2000 10
2000-2500 33
2500-2000 28
3000-3500 30
3500-4000 22
4000-4500 16
4500-5000 7
N= 170

Step method
Class Mid value No. of dx = x - A u =dx/h f.u

Interval families
1000-1500 1250 24 -1500 -3 -72
1500-2000 1750 10 -1000 -2 -20
2000-2500 2250 33 -500 -1 -33
2500-2000 2750 28 0 0 0
3000-3500 3250 30 500 1 30
3500-4000 3750 22 1000 2 44
4000-4500 4250 16 1500 3 48
4500-5000 4750 7 2000 4 28
N= 170 =25
= 2750 + 500 = 2750 + 73.53 = 2823.53

Q: Compute the AM for following data
Marks No. of Marks No. of

obtained students obtained students
Less than 10 14 0-10
Less than 20 22 10-20
Less than 30 37 20-30
Less than 40 58 30-40
Less than 50 67 40-50
Less than 60 75 50-60

Marks No. of Class Mid No. of dx = x - f.dx
obtained students Interval value students A
0-10 14 f
10-20 8 0-10 5 14 -30 -420
20-30 15 10-20 15 8 -20 -160
30-40 21 20-30 25 15 -10 -150
40-50 9 30-40 35 =A 21 0 0
50-60 8 40-50 45 9 10 90
50-60 55 8 20 160
N= 75 = - 480
= 35+ = 35- 6.4 = 28.6

Mean for Inclusive series
Class F Class F
25-29 14 24.5-29.5 14
30-34 22 29.5-34.5 22
35-39 16 34.5-35.5 16
40-44 6 35.5-44.5 6
45-49 5 44.5-49.5 5
50-54 3 49.5-54.5 3
55-59 4 54.5-59.5 4

Important Results about AM
• The algebraic sum of deviations taken about the mean is zero

i.e.,
• The value of mean depends on all value
• Combine mean: If are AM of two series with n1 and n2 observation

respectively, then the combined mean is
=
• If is the mean of x1,x2, …, xn, then the mean of x1± a, x2± a. …, xn± a is
±a
• If is the mean of x1,x2, …, xn, then the mean of ax1, ax2. …, axnis
and , . …, is

Find mean using direct method, Assume method and step deviation method
Marks No. of
obtained students
0-10 12
10-20 18
20-30 27
30-40 20
40-50 17
50-60 6

Marks No. of x fx dx = x- f.dx u=dx/ f.du
obtained students A h
f
0-10 12
10-20 18
20-30 27
30-40 20
40-50 17
50-60 6

Q: Find the missing frequencies f1 and f2, if mean is 50
Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 Total

F 17 f1 32 f2 19 120

When not to use the mean
The mean has one main disadvantage: it is particularly susceptible to the influence
of outliers.
These are values that are unusual compared to the rest of the data set by being
especially small or large in numerical value.
For example, consider the wages of staff at a factory below:

Staff 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Salary 15k 18k 16k 14k 15k 15k 12k 17k 90k 95k
The mean salary for these ten staff is 30.7k. However, inspecting the raw data
suggests that this mean value might not be the best way to accurately reflect the
typical salary of a worker, as most workers have salaries in the 12k to 18k range.
The mean is being skewed by the two large salaries.

Therefore, in this situation, we would like to have a better measure of central
tendency.
Median
Median is the middle number in a sorted list of numbers.

To determine the median value in a sequence of numbers, the numbers
must first be sorted, or arranged, in value order from lowest to highest or
highest to lowest.
• If there is an odd number of observations, the median value is the
number that is in the middle, i.e, th observation
• If there is an even number of observations, the middle pair must be
determined, added together, and divided by two to find the median
value.
i.e, median is the mean of (th and th observations
The median is sometimes used as opposed to the mean when there are outliers in
the sequence that might skew the average of the values.
The median of a sequence can be less affected by outliers than the mean.

Example: Find the median of following observations 12, 18, 11, 21, 32, 16 and 22.
Example: Find the median of following observations 21, 35, 15, 19, 26, 32, 14, 24.

Find median: 15, 18, 16,14,15,15,12,17, 90, 95
Sorted value: 12, 14, 15,15,15,16,17, 18, 90, 95

Calculation of Median in Discrete Series:
• Arrange the data in ascending or descending order.

• Find cumulative frequencies.
• If total frequency (N) is odd
Median = Size of th item
• If total frequency (n) is even
Median = Size of th item + Size of ( +1) th item)

Q. The following table gives s description of the marks obtained by 41 students of
a class. Find the median of marks obtained.
Marks No. of Marks No. of CF
Students Students
20 10 15 2 2
15 2 17 5 7
17 5 20 10 17
30 4 22 12 29
22 12 25 8 37
25 8 30 4 41
N = 41 (odd)
Median marks = marks obtained by (41+1)/2 th student
= marks obtained by 21st student
=22 (marks obtained from 18th to 29th student is 22)
Q: Find median for following data
X F X F CF
10 4 10 4 4
20 7 20 7 11
30 21 30 21 32
40 34 40 34 66
50 25 50 25 91
60 12 60 12 103
70 3 70 3 106
N= 106
N = 106 (even)
So, N/2 = 53, and N/2 +1 = 54
Median = ½(value of 53rd term and value of 54th term)

= ½(40+40)
= 40
Q: Find median for following data
X F X F CF
4 7 4 7 7
8 18 8 18 25
12 25 12 25 50
16 18 16 18 68
20 15 20 15 83
24 10 24 10 93
28 7 28 7 100
N= 100
N = 100 (even)
So, N/2 = 50, and N/2 +1 = 51
Median = ½(value of 50th term and value of 51st term)

= ½(12+16)
= 14
Q. Find the median of the following
Variable 2 3 5 7 11 13 17
Frequency 4 2 6 9 10 3 2
Variable F CF
2 4 4
3 2 6
5 6 12
7 9 21
11 10 31
13 3 34
17 2 36

Median for group data
Step 1: Make CF table
Step 2: Find N
Step 3: Find N/2
Step 3: Look CF just grater than (N/2) and find the corresponding class,
known as median class
Step 4: Use formula
𝑁
−𝐶
2
𝑀 =𝑙+ h×
𝑓
l = lower limit of median class
h = width of median class
f = frequency of median class
C = CF of preceding of median class
Q. Find median wage
Wages 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350

No. of labourers 6 3 5 20 10
Solution:
Now,
Class Frequency CF N = 44
(f) = 22
100-150 6 6
So, Median class is class having CF greater than 22,
150-200 3 9 i.e., 250-300
200-250 5 14
l = lower limit of median class = 250
250-300 20 34 h = width of median class = 50
300-350 10 44 f = frequency of median class = 20
Σf = 44 C = CF of preceding of median class = 14
= 250 + 20 = 270
Hence, median wage is 270
Q. Find median height
Height 160-162 163-165 166-168 169-171 172-174

No. of students 15 117 136 118 14
Solution:
Now,
Class (f) CF N=
=
159.5-162.5 15
162.5-165.5 117 So, Median class is class having CF greater than N/2 is
165.5-168.5 136
l = lower limit of median class =
168.5-171.5 118 h = width of median class =
171.5-174.5 14 f = frequency of median class =
Σf = C = CF of preceding of median class =
Hence, median height is

Q. Find median height
Height 160-162 163-165 166-168 169-171 172-174

No. of students 15 117 136 118 14
Solution:
Now,
Class (f) CF N = 400
= 200
159.5-162.5 15 15
162.5-165.5 117 132 So, Median class is class having CF greater than 200,
165.5-168.5 136 268 i.e., 165.5-168.5
168.5-171.5 118 386 l = lower limit of median class = 165.5
171.5-174.5 14 400 h = width of median class = 3
Σf = f = frequency of median class = 136
400 C = CF of preceding of median class = 132
165.5 + 3
= 165.5 + 1.5
= 167
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Q. Find median for the following distribution
Marks obtained Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 Below 60
No. of Students 6 15 29 41 60 70
Solution:
Now,
Class Frequency CF N=
(f) =
0-10
So, Median class is class having CF greater than
10-20 N/2 =
20-30
l = lower limit of median class =
30-40 h = width of median class =
40-50 f = frequency of median class =
50-60 C = CF of preceding of median class =
Σf =
Hence, median marks is

Q. Find median for the following distribution
Marks obtained Below 10 Below 20 Below 30 Below 40 Below 50 Below 60
No. of Students 6 15 29 41 60 70
Solution:
Now,
Class Frequency CF N = 70
(f) = 35
0-10 6 6
So, Median class is class having CF greater than 35,
10-20 9 15 i.e., 30-40
20-30 14 29
l = lower limit of median class = 30
30-40 12 41 h = width of median class = 10
40-50 19 60 f = frequency of median class = 12
50-60 10 70 C = CF of preceding of median class = 29
Σf = 70
= 30 + 5 = 35
Hence, median wage is 35
Q1. Find median marks for the following distribution
Marks Below Below Below Below Below Below Below Below

obtained 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
No. of 12 32 57 80 92 116 164 200

Students
Q2. Find median age for the following distribution
Age 19-25 26-32 33-39 40-46 47-53 54-60
frequency 35 96 68 102 35 4
Q3. Find median electric consumption for the following distribution
Consumption 65-85 85-105 105-125 125-145 145-165 165-185 185-205

(in unit)
frequency 4 5 13 20 14 7 4

Mode
The mode is the most frequently found value in our data set. On a statistical
graph it represents the highest bar in a bar chart or histogram. Data may be
unimodal, Bimodal or multimodal
Example: Find the mode of following observations

i) 5, 6, 10, 12, 4, 6, 10, 15, 10
ii) 2, 7, 9, 15, 9, 3, 7, 5
iii) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
iv) 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3

Mode of Discrete series
x f
2 3
7 8
10 3
19 9
25 2
32 5
x f
5 4
10 8
15 5
20 8
25 4
30 2
Empirical Formula for calculating mode
Mode = 3(Median) – 2(Mean)
Q. Find mode using empirical formula, calculate mode

23, 25, 28, 25, 16, 23, 17, 22, 23, 25
x f cf fx
Mean = Σfx/Σf = 227/10 = 22.7
16 1 1 16
17 1 2 17 Median = ½(size of 5th + size of 6th item)
22 1 3 22 = ½(23+23) = 23
23 3 6 69 Mode = 3(Median) – 2(Mean)
25 3 9 75 = 3 × 23 – 2 × 22.7 = 69 – 45.4 = 23.6
28 1 10 28
Σf = Σfx =
10 227

Q. Find mode using empirical formula
Item 5 7 9 12 14 17 19 21
F 6 5 3 6 5 3 2 4

Mode for Group data
Steps:
• To find Modal class (class having maximum frequency)
• Use the formula for calculating mode M0
M0
Where,
xk = lower limit of the modal class
fk = frequency of the modal class
fk-1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
fk+1 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
h = width of the class interval

Example: Find mode for the following distribution
Wages 100-150 150-200 200-250 250-300 300-350
No. of labourers 6 3 5 20 10
Solution:
Now,
Highest frequency = 20
Modal class = 250-300
xk = lower limit of the modal class = 250
fk = frequency of the modal class = 20
fk-1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class = 5
fk+1 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class = 10
h = width of the class interval = 50
M0 = 250 + 50 × =
= 250 + 50
= 250 + 30 = 280

Class 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-60
F 25 34 50 42 38 14
Solution:
Now,
Highest frequency =
Modal class =
xk = lower limit of the modal class =
fk = frequency of the modal class =
fk-1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class =
fk+1 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class =
h = width of the class interval =
M0 =

Class 25-30 30-35 35-40 40-45 45-50 50-60
F 25 34 50 42 38 14
Solution:
Now,
Highest frequency = 50
Modal class = 35-40
xk = lower limit of the modal class = 35
fk = frequency of the modal class = 50
fk-1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class = 34
fk+1 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class = 42
h = width of the class interval = 5
M0 = 35 + 5 × =
= 38.33

Quartile
Quartiles divide the entire set into four equal parts. So, there are three
quartiles, first, second and third represented by Q1, Q2 and Q3,
respectively. Q2 is nothing but the median.
Suppose, Q3 is the upper quartile is the median of the upper half of the
data set. Whereas, Q1 is the lower quartile and median of the lower
half of the data set. Q2 is the median.

Similar to the median which divides the data into half so that 50% of the
estimation lies below the median and 50% lies above it.
The quartile splits the data into quarters so that 25% of the estimation are less
than the lower quartile, 50% of estimation are less than the mean, and 75% of
estimation are less than the upper quartile.
Consider, we have n number of items in a data set. Then the quartiles are given
by;
Q1 = [(n+1)/4]th item if n is odd or (n/4)th item if n is even
Q3 = [3(n+1)/4]th item if n is odd or (3n/4)th item if n is even

Interquartile Range and Semi-interquartile range
The interquartile range is a measure of where the “middle fifty” is in a data

set.
The interquartile range formula is the first quartile subtracted from the

third quartile:
IQR = Q3 – Q1
The semi-interquartile range is one-half the difference between the first

and third quartiles.
It is obtained by evaluating

Mean deviation
• Mean deviation is defined as the average or mean of the deviations taken

about mean, median or mode. Hence it is called mean deviation.
• Mean deviation is used to compute how far the values in a data set are
from the center point. Mean, median, and mode all form center points of
the data set.
• In other words, the mean deviation is used to calculate the average of the
absolute deviations of the data from the central point.
• Mean deviation can be calculated for both grouped and ungrouped data.

Mean Deviation Formula for Raw data
To calculate the mean deviation for ungrouped data the formula is as

follows:
Here,
xi represents the ith observation,
represents the central point (mean, median, or mode),
'n' is the number of observations in the data set.

Mean Deviation Formula for Discrete data

follows:
Here,
xi represents each of the given observation,
fi is their corresponding frequency

n = = Sum of frequencies
D=

Mean Deviation Formula for Continuous data

follows:
Here,
xi represents the mid value of each class
fi is their corresponding frequency

n = = Sum of frequencies
D=

Mean Deviation formula
Ungrouped data Grouped data
About Mean
About Median
About Mode

To Calculate Mean Deviation
Irrespective, of whether the mean deviation about the mean, median or mode needs
to be determined, the general steps remain the same.
The only difference will be in the formulas used to calculate the mean, median or
mode depending upon the type of data available to us.
Suppose the mean deviation about the mean has to be determined for the data set
{10, 15, 17, 15, 18, 21}.
Then the below-given steps can be followed.

Step 1: Calculate the value of the mean, mode, or median of the given data values.
Here, we find the mean given by 16.
Step 2: Subtract the value of the central point (here, mean) from each data point. (10
- 16), (15 - 16), ..., (21 - 16) = -6, -1, 1, -1, 2, 5.
Step 3: Now take the absolute of the values obtained in step 2. The values are 6, 1, 1,
1, 2, 5
Step 4: Take the sum of all the values obtained in step 3.
his gives 6 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 5 = 16
Step 5: Divide this value by the total number of observations. This results in the mean
deviation. As there are 6 observations hence, 16 / 6 = 2.67 which is the mean
deviation about the mean.
Example :
In a foreign language class, there are 4 languages, and the frequencies of students
learning the language and the frequency of lectures per week are given in table
below. Calculate the mean deviation about the mean for the given data.
Language Sanskrit Spanish French English

No. of
students(xi) 6 5 9 12
Frequency of
lectures(fi) 5 7 4 9
MD = 70.64/25 = 2.8256
Questions mean Deviation:


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* Statistics

Statistics is the discipline that concerns

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Type of data based on collection of data:

Primary data: When a investigator collects data himself with a definite

Secondary data: Data obtained from any published or unpublished

Observation: Each numerical figure in a data is called an observation.

Frequency: The number of times a particular observation occurs is called its

Tabulation or presentation of data

When data is arranged systematically in a tabular form, it is called the

These grouping results in a table called the frequency table.

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Discrete Series: A discrete series is formulated using raw data by presenting

Marks Tally Frequency

Here, 1-10, means data lie between 1 and 10 including both

This form is called inclusive form.

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Class Mark or Mid-value

Classes can be made mainly by two method:

Class Frequency Class Frequency

Class Interval Tally Marks Frequency

Cumulative frequency is used to determine the number of observations that

Marks Frequency Cumulative

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Here, Maximum value = 112 and minimum value is 14

Range = 98, Size = 10, Number of classes = 98/10 = 9.8 ≈ 10

Some of the graphs to represent statistical data

It is used to represent unclassified frequency distribution.

Frequency of the value represented by the length of the bar graph

The breadth of all the bars are equal.

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Fruit: Apple Orange Banana Kiwifruit Blueberry Grapes

And here is the bar graph:

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Pie Chart Formula

To convert the data into degrees we use the formula:

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Category Formula Degree

Mango (45/150) × 360 108°

Orange (30/150) × 360 72°

Plum (15/150) × 360 36°

Pineapple (30/150) × 360 72°

Melon (30/150) × 360 72°

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• The horizontal axis displays the number range.

• The vertical axis (frequency) represents the amount of data that is

• A link mark made on the horizontal axis, if there is gap between

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Age Frequency Class

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The following procedure can be followed to draw frequency curve:

There are two types of Cumulative Frequency Curves (or Ogives) :

Uses of Ogive Curve to find median

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