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CH 02 Motion in A Straight Line
CH 02 Motion in A Straight Line
CH 02 Motion in A Straight Line
CLASS: XI
SUBJECT: PHYSICS
Statics
Statics is the study of the motion of an object under the effect of forces in
equilibrium.
Dynamics
Dynamics is the study of the motion of the objects by taking into account the
cause of their change of states (state of rest or motion).
Dynamics is classified into (i) Kinematics and (ii) Kinetics
Kinematics
The study of the motion of the objects without taking into account the cause
of their motion is called kinematics.
Kinetics
Kinetics is the study of motion which relates to the action of forces causing
the motion and the mass that is moved.
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Concept of a Point Object
In mechanics, a particle is a geometrical mass point or a material body of
negligible dimensions. It is only a mathematical idealization.
Examples:
Reference Point
Consider a rectangular coordinate system consisting of three mutually
perpendicular axes, labeled X-, Y-, and Z- axes. The point of intersection of
these three axes is called origin (O) and serves as the reference point. The
coordinates (x, y, z) of an object describe the position of the object with
respect to this coordinate system.
Y
Frame of reference
The coordinate system along with a clock to measure
the time constitutes a frame of reference.
Positive direction
The positive direction of an axis is in the direction X
O
of increasing numbers (coordinates).
Negative direction Z
The negative direction of an axis is in the direction
of decreasing numbers (coordinates).
x=0 x = 30 km x = 40 km x = 55 km
t =0 t =6h t=8h t = 11 h
O A B C
Origin for position and time
x = - 40 km x = -10 km x = 0 km x = 15 km
t = -6 h t = 0 t=2h t=5h
O A B C
Origin for time Origin for position
A ball is at
moving
rest w.r.t.
w.r.t.aastationary
stationaryman.
man.
Motion
A body is said to be in motion if its position is changing with respect to its
surroundings or frame of reference.
road, etc.
Illustration N
2 km
2 km
5 km
Displacement is 6.57 km in the direction shown by the arrow
mark.
5 km
Displacement is 0 km.
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If a body changes from one position x1 to another position x2, then the
displacement Δx in time interval Δt = t2 – t1, is Δx = x2 – x1
A C
Displacem
ent B
Scalar
Scalar quantity is a physical quantity which has magnitude only.
Eg.: Length, Mass, Time, Speed, Energy, etc.
Vector
Vector quantity is a physical quantity which has both magnitude as well as
direction.
Eg.: Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum, Force, etc.
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Speed
The time rate of change of distance of a particle is called speed.
Distance travelled
Speed =
Time taken
s
or v=
t
Note:
1. Speed is a scalar quantity.
2. Speed is either positive or zero but never negative.
3. Speed of a running car is measured by ‘speedometer’.
4. Speed is measured in
i) cm/s (cm s-1) in cgs system of units
ii) m/s (m s-1) in SI system of units and
iii) km/h (km.p.h., km h-1) in practical life when distance and time
involved are large.
Variable Speed
A particle or a body is said to be moving with variable speed, if it covers
unequal distances in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these
intervals may be.
Average Speed
When a body moves with variable speed, the average speed of the body
is the ratio of the total distance traveled by it to the total time taken.
Total distance travelled stot
Average speed = or vav =
Total time taken ttot
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If a particle covers the 1st half of the total distance with a speed ‘a’ and the
second half with a speed ‘b’, then 2ab
vav =
a+b
If a particle covers 1st 1/3rd of a distance with a speed ‘a’, 2nd 1/3rd of the
distance with speed ‘b’ and 3rd 1/3rd of the distance with speed ‘c’, then
3abc
vav =
ab + bc + ca
Instantaneous Speed
When a body is moving with variable speed, the speed of the body at any
instant is called instantaneous speed.
Position x (m)
Position x (m)
Position x (m)
Displacement s
Velocity = or v=
Time taken t
Note:
1. Velocity is a vector quantity.
2. Direction of velocity is the same as the direction of displacement of the
body.
3. Velocity can be either positive, zero or negative.
4. Velocity can be changed in two ways:
i) by changing the speed of the body or
ii) by keeping the speed constant but by changing the direction.
5. Velocity is measured in 18
1 m/s = km/h
i) cm/s (cm s-1) in cgs system of units 5
ii) m/s (m s-1) in SI system of units and
5
1 km/h = m/s
iii) km/h (km.p.h., km h-1) in practical life when 18
distance and time involved are large. Home Next Previous
Uniform Velocity
A particle or a body is said to be moving with uniform velocity, if it covers
equal displacements in equal intervals of time, howsoever small these
intervals may be.
Variable Velocity
A particle or a body is said to be moving with variable velocity, if its speed or
its direction or both changes with time.
Average Velocity
When a body moves with variable velocity, the average velocity of the body is
the ratio of the total (net) displacement covered by it to the total time taken.
Net displacement stot
Average velocity = or
Total time taken vav =
ttot
u+v
For a body moving with uniform acceleration, vav =
2
Average velocity is also defined as the change in position or displacement
(Δx) divided by the time intervals (Δt), in which the displacement occurs:
x2 – x1 Δx
vav = or vav =
t2 – t1 Δt Home Next Previous
Note: No effort or force is required to move the body with uniform velocity.
a) If a particle undergoes a displacement s1 along a straight line in time t1
and a displacement s2 in time t2 in the same direction, then
s1 + s2
vav =
t1 + t2
b) If a particle undergoes a displacement s1 along a straight line with velocity
v1 and a displacement s2 with velocity v2 in the same direction, then
(s1+s2) v1 v2
vav =
s1v2 + s2 v1
c) If a particle travels first half of the displacement along a straight line with
velocity v1 and the next half of the displacement with velocity v2 in the same
direction, then 2 v1 v2
vav = (in the case (b) put s1 = s2)
v1 + v2
d) If a particle travels for a time t1 with velocity v1 and for a time t2 with
velocity v2 in the same direction, then
V1t2 + v2 t2
vav =
t1 + t2
e) If a particle travels first half of the time with velocity v1 and the next half
of the time with velocity v2 in the same direction, then
v1 + v2
vav = (in the case (d) put t1 = t2)
2 Home Next Previous
Average Velocity
Position x (m)
x2
P2
The slope of P1P2 gives
P1 average velocity.
x1
O t1 t2
Time t (s)
Uniform Velocity
Position x (m)
Position x (m)
Position x (m)
Speed Velocity
1. Speed is the time rate of change of 1. Velocity is the time rate of
distance of a body. change of displacement of a body.
Position x (m)
limit of the average velocity as the time
interval Δt becomes infinitesimally small. x2 P2
lim Δx dx
v= or v =
Δt→0 Δt dt x4 P4
Suppose we want to calculate the
instantaneous velocity at the point P x3 P1 P
at an instant t. x1 P3
O t1 t3 t t4 t2
The slope of P1P2 at t1 and t2 with intervals
Time t (s)
of Δt from t, (i.e. t1 = t- Δt and t2 = t+ Δt)
gives the average velocity at P.
The slope of P3P4 at t3 and t4 with intervals of Δt/2 from t, (i.e. t3 = t- Δt/2 and
t4 = t+Δt/2) gives the average velocity at P which is the closer value to the
instantaneous velocity.
Proceeding this way, Δt may be gradually reduced to approach zero,
i.e. Δt → 0 to get the actual value of the instantaneous velocity. Home Next Previous
Though average speed over a finite interval of time is greater than or equal to
the magnitude of the average velocity, instantaneous speed at an instant is
equal to the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity at that instant. Why so?
Uniform Motion in a Straight Line
A body is said to be in uniform motion, if it covers equal displacements in
equal intervals of time, however small these time intervals may be.
O x0 A B C
x1
x2
Suppose the origin of the position axis is point O and the origin for time
measurement is taken as the instant, when object is at point A such that
OA = x0.
If at time t1, the object moving with velocity v is at point B such that OB = x 1,
then
x1 = x0 + vt1 ………..(1)
Similarly, if at time t2, the object is at point C such that OC = x2,
then x2 = x0 + vt2 ………..(2) x2 – x1
v=
From equations (1) and (2), x2 – x1 = v(t2 – t1) and t2 – t1
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The following points are true for Uniform Motion:
1.Generally, the displacement may or may not be equal to the actual
distance covered by an object. However, when uniform motion takes place
along a straight line in a given direction, the magnitude of the displacement
is equal to the actual distance covered by the object.
2.The velocity of uniform motion is same for different choices of t 1 and t2.
3.The velocity of uniform motion is not affected due to the shift of the origin.
4.The positive value of velocity means object is moving towards right of the
origin, while the negative velocity means the motion is towards the left of
the origin.
5.For an object to be in uniform motion, no cause or effort, i.e. no force is
required.
6.The average and instantaneous velocity in a uniform motion are always
equal, as the velocity during uniform motion is same at each point of the
path or at each instant.
B
X2
Position ( m )
A
C
X1
x0
t1 t2
O Time (s)
BC x2 – x1
v = slope of AB = or v=
AC t2 – t1
A B
v
Velocity ( m/s )
D C
O t1 t2
Time (s)
Acceleration
If the velocity of a body changes either in magnitude or in direction or both,
then it is said to have acceleration.
For a freely falling body, the velocity changes in magnitude and hence it has
acceleration.
For a body moving round a circular path with a uniform speed, the velocity
changes in direction and hence it has acceleration.
The acceleration and velocity of a body need not be in the same direction.
Eg.: A body thrown vertically upwards.
Eg.: For a particle projected vertically up, velocity at the highest point is
zero, but acceleration is -g.
When a body moves with uniform acceleration along a straight line and has
a distance ‘x’ travelled in the nth second, in the next second it travels a
distance x + a, where ‘a’ is the acceleration.
v2 – v1 Δv
aav = or aav =
t2 – t 1 Δt
Eg.2:
The motion of a sliding block on a
smooth inclined plane is uniformly
accelerated motion.
Position x (m)
Position x (m)
Time t Time t
(s) (s)
Position x (m)
Uniform motion
(Zero acceleration)
Time t
(s) Home Next Previous
Velocity - Time Graph (Uniformly accelerated / decelerated)
v0
Velocity (m/s)
Velocity (m/s)
v
v0
v
Velocity (m/s)
v0
Time (s)
t Time (s) t1 t2
O O
-v0
-v
-v
Motion with negative acceleration.
B/n 0 & t1 in positive x-axis and b/n
Motion in negative direction
with negative acceleration t1 & t2 in negative x-axis
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KINEMATIC EQUATIONS OF UNIFORMLY ACCELERATED
MOTION
v0 a x v
t
Consider a body moving with initial velocity ‘v0’ accelerates at uniform rate
‘a’. Let ‘v’ be the final velocity after time ‘t’ and ‘x’ be the displacement.
First equation of motion
We know that:
Final velocity - Initial velocity
Acceleration =
Time taken
v - v0
a=
t
Cross multiplying, v – v0 = at
or v = v0 + at
or v0 + v = 2vav
or v + v0 = 2vav (2)
v2 - v0 2 = 2atvav
or v2 - v0 2 = 2ax vav t = x
or v2 = v0 2 + 2ax
Velocity (m/s)
Acceleration =
Time taken for change v – v0
BD
a= v0 A D
AD
AE
a= O t C Time (s)
OC
OE - OA
a=
OC
v - v0
a=
t
v – v0 = at
or v = v0 + at
Velocity (m/s)
x = ½ x OC x (OA + CB)
x = ½ t (v0 + v) v0 A D
x = ½ t (v0 + v0 + at)
O t C Time (s)
x = ½ (2v0t + at2)
x = v0t + ½ at2
Velocity (m/s)
x = ½ x OC x (OA + CB)
x = ½ x t x (v0 + v)
v0 A D
2x
(v + v0) = (1)
t O t C Time (s)
From the first equation of motion we have,
(v – v0) = at (2)
or v2 = v02 + 2ax
1) a = dv / dt
or dv = a dt
Integrating both sides,
v t
dv = a dt
v0 0
v t
dv = a dt (since a is constant (uniform))
v0 0
v - v0 = at
or v = v0 + at
But, v = v0 + at
dx = (v0 + at) dt
x – x0 = v0t + ½ at2
dv dx
a= x
dx dt
dv
a= v
dx
v dv = a dx
Integrating both sides,
v x
v dv = a dx
v0 x0
v x
v dv = a dx (since a is constant (uniform))
v0 x0
xA(0)
O
t (s)
2) When the two objects move with unequal velocities
i) When vA > vB
ii) When vA < vB
x(m)
x(m)
O Meeting time O
t (s) t (s)
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