LEARNING OBJECTIVES

a) Explain the formation of ionic and covalent

bonds
b) Recognize the different types of
compounds (ionic or covalent) based on
their properties such as melting point,
hardness, polarity and electrical and
thermal conductivity
 METALS
OR
NON-METALS
PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS
Metalloids- are unique group of
elements that share properties of
both metals and non-metals
GAME

METAL
 GAME

METAL
 GAME

NON-METAL
 Important Terms
• Atom = the smallest unit of an element that
maintains the chemical properties of that
element
• Element = a pure substance that cannot be
separated or broken down into simpler
substances by chemical means
• Compound = a substance made up of atoms of
two or more different elements joined by
chemical bonds
 SALT BAE

Table Salt
COMPOUNDS- are chemical substances made up of two
or more elements that are chemically bound together
Do you like bonding?
 CHEMICAL BONDING
• A lasting attraction between atoms, ions or
molecules that enables the formation of
chemical compounds
 Bonding
• Atoms with unfilled valence shells are
considered unstable.

• Atoms will try to fill their outer shells by

bonding with other atoms.

• Chemical bond = the attractive force that

holds atoms or ions together in a compound
Atom – the smallest unit of matter “indivisible”

Helium
atom
 Atomic Bonds
• Atoms form atomic
bonds to become more
stable.
– Atoms become more
stable by filling their
valence shell or at least
meeting the octet rule by Exception to Octet Rule
of 8 valence electrons:
getting 8 valence Helium—which only has
electrons. 1 energy level and holds
a max. of 2 electrons
 Atomic Bonds
• There are three main types of chemical
bonds used by atoms to fill their valence
shell: “Bond,
– Chemical
IONIC
Bond”
– COVALENT
– METALLIC
 Three Major Types of Bonding
• Ionic Bonding
– forms ionic compounds
– transfer of valence e-

• Covalent Bonding
– forms molecules
– sharing of valence e-
– This is our focus this chapter
Metallic Bonding

21
 Ions
• Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons.
• Ions are charged atoms (positive or negative).
• Positive ions are called cations.
– Formed when the atom loses electrons.
– Lose negative charge, becomes positive ION
– Metals
• Negative ions are call anions.
– Formed when the atom gains electrons.
– Gain negative charge, become negative ION
– Non-metals
 Electron Shells
a) Atomic number = number of Electrons

b) Electrons vary in the amount of energy

they possess, and they occur at certain
energy levels or electron shells.

c) Electron shells determine how an atom

behaves when it encounters other atoms
Octet Rule = atoms tend to gain, lose or share electrons so
as to have 8 electrons
C would like to Gain 4 electrons
N would like to Gain 3 electrons
O would like to Gain 2 electrons
 Why are electrons important?
1) Elements have different electron
configurations
 different electron configurations mean
different levels of bonding
 Electrons are placed in shells
according to rules:
1) The 1st shell can hold up to two electrons,
and each shell thereafter can hold up to 8
electrons.
 Ionic Bonding
• Always formed between metal cations and
non-metals anions
• The oppositely charged ions stick like
magnets

[METALS ]+ [NON-METALS ]-

Lost e-
Gained e-
32
Ionic Bonds: One Big Greedy Thief Dog!
 IONIC BOND
bond formed between
two ions by the
transfer of electrons
 Ionic Bond
• Between atoms of metals and nonmetals
with very different electronegativity
• Bond formed by transfer of electrons
• Produce charged ions all states. Conductors
and have high melting point.
• Examples; NaCl, CaCl2, K2O
1). Ionic bond – electron from Na is transferred to Cl,
this causes a charge imbalance in each atom. The Na
becomes (Na+) and the Cl becomes (Cl-), charged
particles or ions.
COVALENT BOND
bond formed by the
sharing of electrons
 Covalent Bond
• Between nonmetallic elements of similar
electronegativity.
• Formed by sharing electron pairs
• Stable non-ionizing particles, they are not
conductors at any state
• Examples; O2, CO2, C2H6, H2O, SiC
 Bonds in all the
polyatomic ions
and diatomics are
all covalent bonds
 Polar vs. Nonpolar
MOLECULES
• Sometimes the bonds within a
molecule are polar and yet the
molecule itself is non-polar

43
 NONPOLAR
COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are

shared equally
H2 or Cl2
2. Covalent bonds- Two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell
electrons.

Oxygen Atom Oxygen Atom

Oxygen Molecule (O2)

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are

shared but shared
unequally
H2O
Polar Covalent Bonds: Unevenly
matched, but willing to share.
- water is a polar molecule because oxygen is more
electronegative than hydrogen, and therefore electrons
are pulled closer to oxygen.
METALLIC BOND
bond found in
metals; holds metal
atoms together
very strongly
 Metallic Bond
• Formed between atoms of metallic elements
• Electron cloud around atoms
• Good conductors at all states, lustrous, very
high melting points
• Examples; Na, Fe, Al, Au, Co
Metallic Bonds: Mellow dogs with plenty
of bones to go around.
Ionic Bond, A Sea of Electrons
 Metals Form Alloys
Metals do not combine with metals. They form
Alloys which is a solution of a metal in a metal.
Examples are steel, brass, bronze and pewter.
PROPERTIES IONIC COVALENT

Existence Exist in the solid state only Exist as 1__, 2____, & 3___

Conductivity Low Conductivity Very 4._____ conductivity

Hardness 5._________ Not very hard/flexible

Melting and Boiling Points High 6.______

Malleability 7. _________ Non-malleable

Ductility Non-ductile 8.______

Volatility Low 9.______

Solubility 10. Insoluble in water but soluble

in organic solvents
 Electron Dot Structures
Symbols of atoms with dots to represent the valence-
shell electrons

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18
H He:
      

Li Be 
B 
C 
N 
O : F  :Ne :
    

      

Na Mg 
Al 
Si  
P S
 
:Cl  :Ar :
    
 Learning Check

A. X would be the electron dot formula for
1) Na 2) K 3) Al

B. X would be the electron dot formula


1) B 2) N 3) P