Teacher:Aliyeva Mina Topic-Essence of

Student-Salimova Fidan Semiconductors in

Specialty-Oil and gas engineering
Group-202.22E physic
Subject-Physics
1
Semiconductors-3
Contents
Semiconductor material-4
Structure and form-5
p-t chart-6
Additive conductivity of semiconductors,
p-n junction-7
Specific conductivity of semiconductors-8
Species-9
Internal semiconductors-10
External semiconductors-11
p-type semiconductor-12
n-type semiconductor-13
Result-14
References-15
2
 Semiconductors
Semiconductors — materials occupying an intermediate state
between conductors and dielectrics. Electrical conductivity or
specific resistance of semiconductors strong energy from
external influences (temperature, additives, lighting, external
electric field, etc.). The main properties of a semiconductor is the
increase in conductivity with temperature changes.
Semiconductors with temperatures close to zero show dielectric
properties. Its conductive property can be productively changed
by adding additives to the crystal structure.

3
Semiconductor materials

12 elements of the middle group in the

Mendeleev table (B, C, Si, P, S, Ge, As, Se,
Sn, Sb, Te, I), as well as many organic and
inorganic chemical compounds are
semiconductors. Silicon is an essential
element for the production of most
electronic circuits. After silicon, gallium
arsenide is the most common
semiconductor and is widely used in laser
diodes, solar cells, microwave-frequency
integrated circuits, and others.

4
 Structure and form

The structure of semiconductors is in the form of an

atomic crystal lattice structure

A planar cross-section of a 4-valent Ge crystal looks

like this

5
 p-t chart

The specific resistance of semiconductors is

intermediate between the resistances of metals
and dielectrics. The resistance of absolute zero
semiconductors is very large. Unlike metals,
the resistivity of semiconductors is inversely
proportional to temperature

6
 Additive conductivity of semiconductors,
p-n junction

Chemically pure semiconductors have

poor electrical conductivity. When a
semiconductor is doped, the electrical
conductivity increases dramatically

Electron(n) or hole(p) type

conductivity prevails depending
on the additive added to the
semiconductor.

7
Specific conductivity of semiconductors

Conductivity caused by the

movement of free electrons in a
chemically pure semiconductor is
called specific electronic
conductivity.
The conductivity caused by the
movement of holes in a chemically
pure semiconductor is called the
specific hole conductivity.

8
Species

There are different types

of semiconductor
materials depending on
the impurities they
introduce and their
physical response to
various environmental
stimuli.

9
 Internal semiconductors

Elements whose molecular structure

consists of a single atom. These types of
intrinsic semiconductors include silicon
and germanium.
The molecular structure of intrinsic
semiconductors is tetrahedral; that is, it
has covalent bonds between the four
surrounding atoms as shown in the figure
below.

10
 External semiconductors

They adapt by introducing

impurities into local
conductors; that is, by
introducing trivalent or
pentavalent elements.

This process is known as

doping, and its purpose is to
increase the conductivity of
materials and improve their
physical and electrical
properties.

11
P-type semiconductor

In this case, the impurity is a trivalent

semiconductor element; that is, there are three
(3) electrons in the valence shell.

Interfering elements in the structure are called

doping elements. For p-type semiconductors,
examples of these elements are boron (B),
gallium (Ga) or indium (In).

The absence of one valence electron to form the

four covalent bonds of the intrinsic
semiconductor means that the P-type
semiconductor has a vacancy in the missing
bond.

12
 N-type semiconductor
The interfering element in the configuration is given
by the five valent elements; that is, those with five (5)
electrons in the valence band.
In this case, impurities entering the inner
semiconductor are elements such as phosphorus (P),
antimony (Sb) or arsenic (As).

Dopants have an additional valence electron that does

not have a covalent bond to bind to, which can move
automatically in the crystal lattice.

13
 Result
semiconductors

essence

specific and additive

conductivity

Species

14
Brian, M. (sf). Yarımkeçiricilər necə işləyir.
Qurtarıldı: electronics.howstuffworks.com
Landin, P. (2014). Daxili və xarici yarımkeçiricilər.
Pelandintecno.blogspot.com saytından bərpa edildi
Rouse, M. (s.f.). Yarımkeçirici. Qurtarıldı:
whatis.techtarget.com
Yarıiletken (1998). Ansiklopediya Britannica, Inc.
London, Böyük Britaniya. Britannica.com saytından
bərpa edildi
Yarımkeçiricilər nədir? (s.f.). © Hitachi High-
Technologies Corporation. Qurtarıldı: hitachi-
hightech.com

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