27.

Magnetic Field
And
Magnetic Forces
 1. A moving charge or a current creates a
magnetic field in the surrounding space
(in addition to its electric field).
2. The magnetic field exerts a force on any
other moving charge or current that is
present in the field.
3. Like electric field, magnetic field is a
vector field donated by

Magnetic Field 4. At any position the direction of is

defined as the direction in which the north
pole of a compass needle tends to point.
 Magnetic forces on Moving Charges

There are four key characteristics of the magnetic force on a moving charge:
First, its magnitude is proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
Second, the magnitude of the force is also proportional to the magnitude, or
“strength,” of the field.
Third, the magnetic force depends on the particle’s velocity. A charged particle at
rest experiences no magnetic force. A charged particle at rest experiences no
magnetic force.
And fourth, the magnetic force does not have the same direction as the magnetic
field but instead is always perpendicular to both and the velocity . The magnitude
F of the force is proportional to the component of perpendicular to the field; when
that component is zero (that is, when and are parallel or antiparallel), the force is
zero.
 The magnetic force acting on a
positive charge q moving with
velocity is perpendicular to both
and the magnetic field . For given
values of speed v and magnetic field
strength B, the force is greatest
when and are perpendicular.
B unit is 1 tesla = 1 T = 1 N/A.m, Another
unit of B, the gauss (1G = 10-4 T)
Determining the direction of a
magnetic field by using a cathode-
ray tube. Because electrons have a
negative charge, the magnetic
force =q in part (b) points
opposite to the direction given by
the right-hand rule.

When a charged particle moves through a region of space

where both electric and magnetic fields are present, both
fields exert forces on the particle. The total force is the
vector sum of the electric and magnetic forces:
test your understanding of sectIon 27.2 The accompanying figure
shows a uniform magnetic field directed into the plane of the paper
(shown by the blue x’s). A particle with a negative charge moves in
the plane. Which path—1, 2, or 3—does the particle follow?
1 A particle with mass 1.81*10-3 kg and a charge of 1.22*10-8 C has,
at a given instant, a velocity =(3.00*104 m/s2). What are the
magnitude and direction of the particle’s acceleration produced by
a uniform magnetic field =(1.63 T) +(0.980 T) ?
2 An electron moves at 1.40*106 m/s through a region in which there is a
magnetic field of unspecified direction and magnitude 7.40*10-2 T. (a) What are
the largest and smallest possible magnitudes of the acceleration of the electron
due to the magnetic field? (b) If the actual acceleration of the electron is one-
fourth of the largest magnitude in part (a), what is the angle between the
electron velocity and the magnetic field?
3 A particle with charge -5.60 nC is moving in a uniform magnetic field -
(1.25 T). The magnetic force on the particle is measured to be = -
(3.40*10-7 N) + (7.40*10-7 N). (a) Calculate all the components of the
velocity of the particle that you can from this information. (b) Are there
components of the velocity that are not determined by the
measurement of the force? Explain. (c) Calculate the scalar product. .
What is the angle between and ?
4 A group of particles is traveling in a magnetic field of unknown magnitude and
direction. You observe that a proton moving at 1.50 km/s in the +x-direction
experiences a force of 2.25 *10-16 N in the +y-direction, and an electron moving at
4.75 km/s in the -z-direction experiences a force of 8.50 * 10-16 N in the +y-
direction. (a) What are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic field? (b) What
are the magnitude and direction of the magnetic force on an electron moving in the
-y-direction at 3.20 km/s?
5 A particle with charge 7.80 μC is moving with velocity = -(3.80* 103m/s2. The
magnetic force on the particle is measured to be = +(7.60*10-3 N) -(5.20*10-3 N) . (a)
Calculate all the components of the magnetic field you can from this information. (b)
Are there components of the magnetic field that are not determined by the
measurement of the force? Explain. (c) Calculate the scalar product . What is the
angle between and ?