SIGN TEST Jansten B.

Mapatac
 SIGN TEST?
 The sign test is used to determine if
there is a significant difference between
the mean characteristics of two
populations.
 Responses on each pair of A and B are
compared.
 The number of times A exceeded B is
used as the test statistic. It is denoted as
letter X.
 This is called the sign test because X is
the number of positive (or negative)
signs associated with the difference
between the pairs in population A and B.
SIGN TEST?
 In such cases, the implied null
hypothesis is that the two
population distributions are
identical or there is no
significant difference between
the two population
distributions A and B.
 For any given pair, the
probability that A exceeds B is
p=0.05 when the null
hypothesis is true.
STEPS
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Determine the critical values.
3. Test Statistic
a. Examine each pair (A and B) of observations. If
A>B, assign a plus (+) sign, if A<B, assign a minus
(-) sign, if A=B, the pair must be discarded.
b. Count the number of pairs remaining and denote it by
n.
c. Count the number of times the less frequent sign
occurs and denote this by r.
4. Decision
5. Interpretation
 EXAMPLE
 The response time, in seconds, for
two different stimuli (S1 and S2)
were recorded for ten subjects who
participated in a psychological
experiment. The following data
were obtained.
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S1 6.4 9.4 7.8 7.7 8.8 5.6 12.1 6.9 4.2 5.6
S2 7.8 10.3 8.9 5.2 11.3 4.1 14.7 8.7 7.1 8.1
SOLUTION
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
A. Null Hypothesis: There is no
significant difference between
stimulus 1 and 2 in terms of mean
response to them by the two samples
or the two stimuli are identical.
B. Alternative Hypothesis: There is a
significant difference between
stimulus 1 and 2 in terms of mean
response to them by the two samples
or the two stimuli are not identical.
2. Critical Value: r=1, , n=10
 SOLUTION
3. Test Statistic
Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
S1 6.4 9.4 7.8 7.7 8.8 5.6 12.1 6.9 4.2 5.6
S2 7.8 10.3 8.9 5.2 11.3 4.1 14.7 8.7 7.1 8.1
D - - - + - + - - - -

n=10
r=2 rcrit=1
4. Decision: Since r=2 is greater than rcrit=1, do not reject Ho.
5. Interpretation: There is no significant difference between stimulus 1 and 2 in terms of mean
response to them by the two samples or the two stimuli are identical.
WILCOXON
SIGNED
RANK TEST
Jansten B. Mapatac
WHY WILCOXON?
 The sign test is very simple to use; however, it
is not the most efficient distribution-free test
available.
 Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test is a better test
because it takes into account the magnitude of
the observed differences between paired values
in the two samples.
 The original signs of the differences are given
to their respective ranks, hence, it is also called
signed rank test.
STEPS IN WILCOXON
SIGNED RANK TEST
1. State the null and alternative hypotheses.
2. Determine the level of significance and critical values.
3. Identify the statistical test to be used.
4. Test statistic
• Obtain the differences between paired values in two
samples/treatments.
• Rank the absolute values of these differences, giving the
smallest difference rank 1 and assigning average ranks
to tied differences.
• Get the sum of the positive ranks and the sum of the
negative ranks.
• Find the smaller of the absolute values of the two sums
of the ranks and denote it by T.
5. Decision and Interpretation
EXAMPLE
 A research team subjected to
a sensory evaluation test a
camote tops extract (CTE)
beverage by comparing it to a
commercially available green
tea drink (GTD) in terms of
acceptability of the product.
The drinks were ranked from
1 (lowest rank) to 10 (highest
rank).
SOLUTION
1. Ho: There is no significant
difference on the
acceptability of CTE and
GTD.
Ha: There is a significant
difference on the acceptability
of CTE and GTD.
2. LOS: n=16, Tcritical=30
3. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test
Evaluat CTE GTD D Rank Evaluator CTE GTD D Rank
or
1 7 9 -2 - 10.5 9 8 9 -1 -5
2 2 3 -1 -5 10 1 2 -1 -5
3 5 2 3 14.5 11 3 2 1 5
4 4 1 3 14.5 12 6 3 3 14.5
5 6 5 1 5 13 9 7 2 10.5
6 1 1 0 1 14 3 5 -2 -10.5
7 5 4 1 5 15 4 1 3 14.5
8 6 4 2 10.5 16 6 5 1 5
R1=-36
R2=+100
T=36
DECISION AND
INTERPRETATION
Since 36 > 30, null
hypothesis is not
rejected.
Hence, there is no
significant difference
on the acceptability of
the CTE and GTD.
SOLVE!
This study assessed the effectiveness of a new drug
designed to reduce repetitive behaviors in children
affected with autism. A total of 8 children with autism
enroll in the study and the amount of time that each
child is engaged in repetitive behavior during three-
hour observation periods are measured both before
treatment and then again after taking the new
medication for a period of 1 week. The data are
shown below.