Diseases

Caused by
MICROBES BSED-
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Malaria Diagnosis
A blood specimen collected from the
a disease caused by blood parasites of
patient is spread as a thick or thin blood
the genus Plasmodium.
smear, stained with a Romanovsky stain
The different • The symptoms of uncomplicated
species of
malaria can be rather non-specific.
Plasmodium that
P.
cause Malaria are: • The most frequent symptoms include
A falciparum
fever and chills, which can be
B P. ovale accompanied by headache, myalgias,
Blood smear from a patient
with malaria; microscopic
arthralgias, weakness, vomiting, and
C P. malariae examination shows diarrhea. Other clinical features
Plasmodium falciparum include splenomegaly, anemia,
D P. vivax parasites (arrows) infecting
some of the patient’s red thrombocytopenia, hypoglycemia,
blood cells. (CDC photo) pulmonary or renal dysfunction, and
neurologic changes.
 ES
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 Morphology of Plasmodium
falciparum Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Sub- Protozoa
*Plasmodium is placed under the phylum kingdom
Apicomplexa.
*crescent- or sausage-shaped, and are usually
Genus Plasmodium
about 1.5 times the diameter of an RBC in
length.
Species P.
*They are spore-forming and unicellular.
Falciparum
*a non-photosynthetic plastid, used for the
penetration of the host cells
 • Malaria is treated with prescription drugs
Effects of Plasmodium
to kill the parasite
Falciparum to organism
• Chloroquine phosphate - the preferred
Plasmodium falciparum malaria treatment for any parasite that is sensitive
to the drug.
causes alterations in the function
of the cells of the innate immune • Artemisinin-based combination therapies
(ACTs) - a combination of two or more
system such as macrophages,
drugs that work against the malaria
neutrophils and dendritic cells. It parasite in different ways.
also produces changes in the
adaptive immune system, altering
B cell populations and the
response to certain vaccines.
Bubonic Plague
one of three types of plague caused by
the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Bubonic
plague is mainly spread by infected fleas
from small animals. In the bubonic
form of plague, the bacteria enter
through the skin through a flea bite and
travel via the lymphatic vessels to a
lymph node, causing it to swell.
The plague is considered the likely
cause of the Black Death that swept
through Asia, Europe, and Africa in
the 14th century and killed an
estimated 50 million people
Diagnosis
Confirmation of infection can be done by
examining serum taken during the early
and late stages of infection. To quickly
screen for the Y. pestis antigen in
patients, rapid dipstick tests have been
developed for field use.
Gram-Negative Yersinia pestis bacteria. The culture was
grown over a 72-hour time period
Samples taken for testing
include:[22]
• Buboes: Swollen lymph
nodes (buboes)
characteristic of bubonic
plague, a fluid sample can
be taken from them with a
needle.
• Blood
• Lungs
 ES
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 Y. pestis carries both invasive factors, which
Yersinia pestis
promote contact with and entry into host cells,
Yersinia pestis is a and antiphagocytic factors that inhibit uptake by
rod shaped gram- host cells. Patients develop fever, headache,
negative bacteria that chills, and weakness and one or more swollen,
can also have a painful lymph nodes (called buboes).
spherical shape. It is
Treatment
also covered by a
slime envelope that is Antibiotic therapy in early stages (8 to 24
heat labile. hours after onset of pneumonic plague);
secondary infection or suppurative bubo
Effects of Yersinia pestis to a microorganism may require incision and drainage.
Gentamycin is the antibiotic of choice or
• pestis against host phagocytes of the doxycycline in patients who are
innate immune system, thereby aminoglycoside allergic. Chloramphenicol
allowing it to invade more tissues and should be used in settings were high tissue
organs and cause more severe penetration is required such as
impairment. myocarditis, meningitis or pleuritis.
 Salmonella infection
(salmonellosis)
-a common bacterial disease that Certain medications, like those
affects the intestinal tract. Salmonella that lessen stomach acid, could
bacteria typically live in animal and also raise your chances of
human intestines and are shed through infection.
stool (feces). Humans become infected
most frequently through contaminated
Review of past events
water or food.

Who gets it?

• Salmonella doesn't sicken everyone who gets
the bacteria into their body.
• Kids under age 5 are most likely to get it, and
about a third of all cases happen in kids 4 or
younger.
• Babies who aren't breastfed are more likely to
get it.
Possible Signs and Symptoms of
Salmonella Infection include:

 Diarrhea
 Stomach (abdominal)
cramps
 Fever
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Chills
 Headache
 Blood in the stool
Leptospirosis In humans, it can cause a wide range of
symptoms, some of which may be
is a bacterial mistaken for other diseases. Some
disease that infected persons, however, may have no
affects humans symptoms at all. Without treatment,
and animals. It is Leptospirosis can lead to kidney damage,
caused by bacteria meningitis (inflammation of the
of the genus membrane around the brain and spinal
Leptospira. cord), liver failure, respiratory distress,
and even death.
More than ten genetic types of Leptospira
cause disease in humans. Both wild and
domestic animals can spread the disease,
most commonly rodents. The bacteria are
spread to humans through animal urine,
or water or soil contaminated with
animal urine, coming into contact with
the eyes, mouth, nose or breaks in the
skin.
Pimples (Acne) Morphology
The bacteria that cause
• Pleomorphic,
pimples are called
branched and
Propionibacterium unbranched rods,
acnes, or P. acnes for coccoid forms, or
short. These bacteria bifid, but they are
live on your skin all the not filamentous.
time. They become a • Size: 0.5-0.8
problem only when a micrometers by
pore becomes blocked. 1.0-5.0
micrometers.
ACNE - A condition resulting from • Motility: Non-
clogged or plugged hair follicles Motile
present under the skin. It presents as • Capsules: None
• Spores; None
small to large, red bumps on the skin
• Habitat:
which may be painful and pus-filled in
predominant
some cases. indigenous flora
of the skin
 Effects
Although acne isn’t a life-threatening
condition, it can be painful, Infection beyond the Skin
particularly when it’s severe. It can
also cause emotional distress. Acne that P. acnes is an opportunistic
appears on your face can affect your pathogen, causing a range of
self-esteem and, over time, may cause postoperative and device-related
permanent physical scarring. infections. These include
infections of the bones and joints,
mouth, eye and brain. Device-
related infections include those of
joint prostheses, shunts and
prosthetic heart valves.

Diagnosis
The unique characteristics of this
microorganism make the diagnosis of
infection difficult. The diagnosis often
is made based on
• clinical evidence,
• radiographic signs,
• and laboratory
• and/or surgical findings combined.
Treatment
● Laser and phototherapy are popular
alternative options to treat acne. Light
therapy uses light to treat inflamed
acne lesions, severe nodular acne, and
cystic acne.
● It can kill the bacteria that causes
acne and help clear your skin. Studies
show that light therapy is an effective
treatment for many people.
Sleeping Sickness
Also called as African trypanosomiasis,
disease caused by infection with the
flagellate protozoan Trypanosoma
brucei gambiense
Infections with T. brucei gambiense
occur in an area extending from the
west coast of Africa eastward to the
East African lakes and southward to
the Congo River basin.
Morphology
Trypanosome form which looks like a
thin, flattened and leaf-like body
tapering at both ends. The pointed end
is considered as anterior end and the
blunt end is considered as posterior
end. The length of the body is 15-32
micra and the breadth in the middle is
about 2·5 micra.
 Effects Diagnosis
In the first stage, infected persons
typically experience fever, headache, • Blood smear
muscle and joint pain, and inflammation • Lymph node exudate
of the lymph nodes.
examination
The second stage, which develops within • CSF (Cerebrospinal fluid)
several weeks (T. brucei rhodesiense) or examination
within one to two years (T. brucei
• CATT (Card card
gambiense), is marked by involvement of
the brain and spinal cord, accompanied agglutination test for
by personality changes, sleep trypanosomiasis
disturbances, and profound lethargy,
• Polymerase chain reaction
frequently ending in death when left
untreated. (PCR)
 Available Treatment
The type of treatment depend on the form
of the disease and the disease stage. The
earlier the disease is identified, the better
the prospect of a cure.

DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF

FIRST STAGE:
1. Pentamidine
2. Suramin
DRUGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF
2nd STAGE:
3. Melarsoprol
4. Elflornithine
5. Nifurtimox
Tuberculosis (TB)
is caused by a bacterium called
Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The Diagnosis
bacteria usually attack the lungs, but
TB bacteria can attack any part of the There are two kinds of tests used
body such as the kidney, spine, and to detect TB bacteria in the
brain. body: the TB skin test (TST) and
TB blood tests. A positive TB
skin test or TB blood test only
tells that a person has been
infected with TB bacteria. It
does not tell whether the person
has latent TB infection (LTBI) or
has progressed to TB disease.
Effects of the microbes to the Treatment
body
• A combination of antibacterial
The general
symptoms of TB medications for a period of six to 12
disease include months. The most common
feelings of sickness or treatment for active TB is isoniazid
weakness, weight INH in combination with three
loss, fever, and night other drugs—rifampin,
sweats. The
pyrazinamide and ethambutol.
symptoms of TB
disease of the lungs
also include
coughing, chest pain,
and the coughing up
of blood. Symptoms
of TB disease in other
parts of the body
depend on the area
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) Diagnosis
●Analyzing
The most common bacteria a urine
found to cause UTIs is sample.
Escherichia coli (E. coli). Other ●Growing
bacteria can cause UTI, but E. urinary
coli is the culprit about 90 tract
percent of the time. bacteria in a
lab.
●Creating
images of
the urinary
tract.
●Using a
scope to see
inside the
bladder
Effects of the microbes to the Treatment
body Antibiotics are ● Nitrofurantoin.
● Sulfonamides (sulfa
medicines that
drugs).
kill bacteria
● Amoxicillin.
and fight an ● Cephalosporins.
infection. ● Trimethoprim/
Symptoms of a bladder infection
Antibiotics are sulfamethoxazole
can include:
typically used (Bactrim®).
●Pain or burning while urinating
to treat ● Doxycycline.
●Frequent urination
● Quinolones (such as
●Feeling the need to urinate urinary tract
ciprofloxacin
despite having an empty bladder infections.
[Cipro®]).
●Bloody urine Some
●Pressure or cramping in the groin commonly
or lower abdomen
used
antibiotics can
include:
Flesh-Eating Bacteria Picture
•Life-threatening, progressive,
rapidly spreading, inflammatory
infection located in the deep
fascia.
•Infection rapidly destroy the
skin and soft tissue beneath it.
•Also known as: “flesh-eating”
bacteria.
•Group A streptococcus is one of
many bacteria that can cause
flesh-eating disease.
•In France in 1873, necrotizing
fasciitis was first identified.
Military bases were frequently
the site of outbreaks.
Types of Necrotizing Fasciitis
• Type I: A polymicrobial
flora and common

• Type II: Group A β-

Streptococcus bacteria
(most common
case)/monobacterial and
fulminant

• Type III: Marine vibrio

gram-negative rods and
fulminant
Syphilis
What is Syphilis?
• Infectious treponematoses caused by
Treponema pollidum transmitted
usually by intercourse.

• Discovered by Schaudinn and

Hoffman (0905)

• Affects most of the organs

• Affects both man & woman in age

group of 20-40 years
 01
Syphilis is Person to person via vaginal, anal, or oral
transmitted go
! sex through direct contact with a syphilis
chancre.
through: 02
Person to person during foreplay, even when
there is no penetrative sex (much less
common).
03
Pregnant mother with syphilis
to fetus

04
Blood transfusion
Meningitis Morphology
Is a rare infection that
affects the delicate - Neisseria meningitides is
membranes -- called gram-negative, coffee-bean
meninges -- that cover shaped diplococcic
the brain and spinal - Ranging in diameter from
cord.
Types of Meningitis
0.6 to 1.0 μm (micrometre; 1
μm = 10−6 metre).
1. Bacterial meningitis
2. Viral meningitis
3. Fungal meningitis
4. Parasitic meningitis
5. Amoebic meningitis
6. Non-infectious
meningitis
7. Chronic meningitis
 What tests will be
done to diagnose Effects to human Available treatment/cure of the
meningitis? disease
   
 Nasal or throat  Can cause severe headaches that  Antibiotics for bacterial
swab can be quite painful. The pain meningitis.
 Lumbar might radiate down your back or  Antifungals for fungal
puncture/spinal to other parts of your body. It meningitis.
tap also may be almost impossible to  Antivirals for certain cases
 Blood tests move your neck certain ways. of viral meningitis, like
 Stool sample Some people have less noticeable herpesvirus and influenza.
 CT scan or MRI symptoms.  Corticosteroids, like
 Seizures, brain damage, hearing dexamethasone or
loss, and disability for the rest of prednisone, to reduce
their lives. Meningitis can be inflammation.
fatal and some people with this  Pain relievers.
infection will die.  IV fluids to keep you
hydrated.
Pneumonia Morphology
Is inflammation and fluid in your lungs caused
by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. It Streptococcus
makes it difficult to breathe and can cause a pneumoniae is
fever and cough with yellow, green or bloody a Gram-positive,
mucus. The flu, COVID-19 and pneumococcal non-motile, non-
disease are common causes of pneumonia. spore-forming
bacterium.
Types of Pneumonia
 Community-acquired
pneumonia (CAP) Appear as lance-
 Hospital-acquired
shaped cocci and
pneumonia (HAP)
 Healthcare- typically form in
associated pairs (diplococci)
pneumonia (HCAP)
but can also appear
 Ventilator-associated
pneumonia (VAP) as single cocci or
 Aspiration cocci chains.
pneumonia
What tests will be done
to diagnose
pneumonia?
 Imaging  High fever (up to 105 F or 40.55
 Blood tests
 Sputum test
 Pulse oximetry
 Pleural fluid
culture
 Arterial blood
gas test
 Bronchoscopy
 
Available
Effects to human treatment/cure of the
  disease
 Antibiotics
C), Cough with yellow, green or  Antifungal
bloody mucus, Tiredness medications
(fatigue), Rapid breathing,  Antiviral
Shortness of breath, Rapid medications
heart rate, Sweating or chills,  Oxygen therapy
Chest pain and/or abdominal  IV fluids
pain, especially with coughing  Draining of
or deep breathing, Loss of fluids
appetite, Bluish skin, lips or  
nails (cyanosis), Confusion or
altered mental state, Dry
cough, Headache, Muscle pain.
Dengue
DENGUE FEVER
•Is an infectious tropical disease transmitted
by the bites of Aedes Aegypti Mosquito.
Denque is inflected in two forms:
• Dengue Fever
• Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever
Morphology
● The dengue virus has a
roughly spherical structure. It
is composed of the viral
genome and capsid proteins
surrounded by an envelope
and a shell of proteins. After
infecting a host cell, the
Dengue virus hijacks the host
cell’s machinery to replicate
the viral RNA genome and
viral proteins.
 Diagnosis
Diagnosing dengue fever can be
difficult because its signs and
symptoms can be easily confused
with those of other diseases — such
as chikungunya, Zika virus, malaria
and typhoid fever.
Also, Doctors can diagnose dengue
infection with a blood test to check
for the virus or antibodies to it. If
you become sick after traveling to a
tropical area, let your doctor know.
Treatment
There is no specific medicine to treat
dengue.
 Treat the symptoms of dengue and see
your healthcare provider.
 See a healthcare provider if you develop
a fever or have symptoms of dengue.
Tell him or her about your travel.
 Rest as much as possible. Take
acetaminophen (also known as
paracetamol outside of the United
States) to control fever and relieve pain.
Do not take aspirin or ibuprofen!
 Drink plenty of fluids to stay hydrated.
Drink water or drinks with added
electrolytes.
Ringworm
Ringworm goes by many names. The
medical terms are “tinea” or
● Your healthcare provider
“dermatophytosis.”
Ringworm is a common skin infection that
is caused by a fungus. It’s called
“ringworm” because it can cause a
circular rash (shaped like a ring) that is
usually red and itchy. Anyone can get
ringworm.
How is Ringworm Diagnosed?
might suspect you have
ringworm by looking at the
affected skin and asking
questions about your
symptoms. Your healthcare
provider will generally take a
small skin scraping or nail
sample to examine under a
microscope or send to a
laboratory for further testing.
 Effect Risk Factors

Ringworm infection can affect
both humans and animals. The
infection initially appears as
discolored, often scaly patches on
affected areas. These patches
typically appear red on lighter skin
or brown-gray on darker skin.
scalp feet
hands nails
groin beard
Anyone can get ringworm, but you may
be more at risk if you:
•live in a warm, humid environment or
climate
•participate in contact sports, like
wrestling or football
•use public showers or locker rooms
•come in close contact with animals
•wear tight shoes or clothes that chafe
your skin
•have diabetes
Filoviruses (Ebola)
A helical, non-segmented, negative,
single-stranded RNA viruses,
polymorphic, non-infectious, and have
variable lengths. Infectious Ebola
virions are usually 920 nm in length,
80 nm in diameter, and have a
membrane stolen from the host cell by
budding.
Diagnosis of the EVD
Polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) is one of
Diagnosis the most commonly used
diagnostic methods
because of its ability to
detect low levels of Ebola
virus.
 Treatment
Effect
Ebola can cause disease in
humans and nonhuman primates
(monkeys, gorillas, and
chimpanzees). Causes severe
inflammation and tissue damage
throughout the body.
There are two drug
treatments which
have been approved
for treating Ebola.
Inmazeb is a mixture
of three monoclonal
antibodies.
Ansuvimab-zykl is a
monoclonal antibody
given as an injection.
It helps block the
virus from the cell
receptor, preventing
its entry into the cell.
Hiptoplasmosis
Morphology of fungi

It is dimorphic and switches from a

mold-like (filamentous) growth form
in the natural habitat to a small
budding yeast form in the host. And
approximately 1-4 microns in
diameter.

Diagnosis

Histoplasmosis is usually
diagnosed with a blood
test or a urine test.
 Treatment

Effect

Heptoplasmosis is a
fungal infection
that can affect Itraconazole is one type of
anyone. It usually
affects the lungs
antifungal medication that's
and causes commonly used to treat
pneumonia but also histoplasmosis.
can affect other
parts of the body.
Anthrax Morphology
The morphology of the microbe
● Shape: Bacillus anthracis is a rod-
shaped bacterium.
● Size: Approximately 1-1.2
micrometers in width and 3-5
micrometers in length.
● Gram staining: A Gram-positive
bacterium
● Capsule: Composed of a complex
sugar called poly-D-glutamic acid
● Spores: forming spores that can
survive harsh environmental
conditions
 Diagnosis

● Clinical presentation: a hard, z

black crust).
● Laboratory tests: Culture the
organism from blood, skin
Effects
lesions, Gram staining and
polymerase chain reaction These are the main forms of anthrax
(PCR). in organisms, and each form of the
● Imaging Studies: X-rays or CT
disease can have different effects on
scans
the body. These include:
● History of exposure: A history
of exposure to contaminated
● Anthrax toxins: Produces toxins
materials (animal products, that can cause tissue damage
soil, or laboratory cultures of and interfere with the immune
Bacillus anthracis). system.

● Cutaneous anthrax: Occurs
when the bacterium enters the
body (a cut or abrasion on the
skin).
● Inhalational: flu-like symptoms
such as fever, fatigue, cough,
and shortness of breath.
● Gastrointestinal symptoms such
as abdominal pain, vomiting,
and bloody diarrhea (ingested
contaminated food or water).
Available Treatment
The use of antibiotics to kill the bacteria
and supportive care to manage symptoms
and complications.
1. Ciprofloxacin
2. Doxycycline
3. Penicillin
Animals that recover from the infection
have permanent immunity to the
bacillus. Protective immunity is
thought to be largely antitoxic and
ELISA for PA, LF, and EF
 Chagas Disease
● Immunization: Attained by the Trypanosoma cruzi,
annual vaccination. the parasite responsible for Chagas
● Public Health Significance: disease, has a complex life cycle and is a
Property Hygiene (most frequently hemoflagellate protozoan parasite. T.
in farmers, herdsmen, butchers, cruzi has three main forms, amastigotes,
veterinarians, etc.) epimastigotes and trypomastigotes.
● Avoiding infected animals: avoid
contact with livestock and animal
skins as much as possible. Also,
avoid eating meat that hasn't been
properly cooked.

• Amastigotes: These are small and
round, measuring about 2 to 5
micrometers in diameter.
Epimastigotes: These are elongated,
spindle-shaped cells that measure about
20 to 30 micrometers in length.
Metacyclic trypomastigotes: These are
the infective form of the parasite that is
transmitted to humans and other
mammals through the feces of infected
triatomine bugs.
Diagnosis
Chagas disease is diagnosed through a
combination of clinical symptoms,
laboratory tests, and medical history.
● Blood tests: Serological tests and
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
tests.
● Cardiac evaluation: These tests can
detect abnormalities such as
arrhythmias, conduction defects,
and cardiomegaly.
● Imaging studies: X-rays, magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), and
computed tomography (CT) scans.
● Clinical examination: A physical
exam can reveal signs and
symptoms of Chagas disease such
as an enlarged liver or spleen,
abnormal heart rhythms, or
gastrointestinal abnormalities. 

● Travel history: A travel history to

endemic areas where the triatomine
bugs that carry the parasite are
found (ask questions).
 
 Effects
Here are some of the potential effects of
T. cruzi on the organism:
● Acute phase: In the early stages of
infection, may experience flu-like
symptoms such as fever, fatigue,
muscle aches, and swollen lymph
nodes.
● Chronic phase: If left untreated,
can lead to serious complications,
including damage to the heart,
gastrointestinal tract, and other
organs.
● Congenital infection: Can cause a
range of complications in the
newborn, including low birth
weight, premature birth, anemia,
and neurologic problems.
● Reactivation: Can reactivate in
individuals with weakened
immune systems,
Available Treatment
● Antiparasitic drugs: Are effective in
eliminating the parasite and reducing
the risk of complications in the chronic
phase (benznidazole and nifurtimox).
● Symptomatic treatment: Manage
symptoms such as fever, pain, and
inflammation.
• Cardiac pacemaker: In cases of
severe cardiac involvement, a cardiac
pacemaker may be necessary to
regulate heart rhythm and prevent
complications such as syncope or
sudden death.
German Measles
Morphology
Rubella virus is a spherical,40-
to80-nm, positive sense, single-
stranded RNA virus with spike like,
hemagglutinin- containing surface
projections.
Diagnosis
● Rubella is suggested by typical rash
and lymphadenopathy.
● This diagnosis is Confirmed by virus
isolation and serologic studies.
● Low-grade fever
● Sore throat
● Rash starting from the face Then
spreads to the rest of the body
 Effects of the microbe
To the organism Available Treatment

 Diarrhea and vomiting ● There’s no specific medicine

 Ear infection for treating rubella.
 Bronchitis, laryngitis, or ● The best way to prevent
Rubella is vaccination with the
croup
MMR vaccine. It’s about 97%
 Pneumonia
effective at preventing
 Encephalitis
 Pregnancy problems
Chicken Pox{Varicella Zoster (Virus)}
Morphology
The VZV genome is a linear, double- Diagnosis
stranded DNA molecule 124,884
nucleotides in length [127] with close ● The most sensitive method
homology to the HSV genome. for confirming a diagnosis
of varicella is the use of
polymerase chain
reaction(PCR) to Detect
VZV in skin lesions
(vesicles, scabs,
maculopapular lesions).
 Effects of the microbe
To the organism Available Treatment

 Varicella is characterized by ● There’s no specific medicine

fever concurrent with a self- for treating Chickenpox.
limiting rash on the
● Pharmacy Remedies:
skin and so me times
Paracetamol to relieve fever and
 mucosa.Headache,
calamine lotion and cooling gels to
 malaise,andlossof
ease itching.
 appetitearealsoseen.
 Therashbeginsas
 macules,rapidly