Q: Why do you eat?

Q: Why do you breathe?

• Cellular respiration: oxidizes glucose; captures
energy in ATP
– essentially the opposite of photosynthesis
– in most cells of most organisms
– glucose: why you eat
– oxygen: why you breathe

Glucose Oxygen gas Carbon Water Energy

dioxide
• three main stages:
– 1. Glycolysis
• occurs in the cytoplasm
– 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• occurs in matrix of mitochondria
– 3. e.t.c. (oxidative phosphorylation)
• occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
 Electrons
via NADH

Glycolysis
Glucose Pyruvate

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP

Substrate-level
 Electrons
Electrons via NADH and
via NADH
FADH2

Pyruvate
Glycolysis oxidation Citric
acid
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level
 Electrons
Electrons via NADH and
via NADH
FADH2

Pyruvate Oxidative
Glycolysis oxidation Citric phosphorylation:
acid electron transport
Glucose Pyruvate Acetyl CoA cycle and
chemiosmosis

CYTOSOL MITOCHONDRION

ATP ATP ATP

Substrate-level Substrate-level Oxidative

• reaction is exothermic: energy is released

oxidation: Loss of hydrogen

atoms

Energy

Glucose
reduction: Gain of
hydrogen atoms
• Enzymes remove electrons and hydrogen from glucose
and transfer them to a NAD+
2 e − + 2 H+
2 e− + H+
NAD+ NADH H+
Dehydrogenase
Reduction of NAD+
+ 2[H] + H+
(from food) Oxidation of NADH
Nicotinamide Nicotinamide
(oxidized form) (reduced form)
 Respiration generates ATP in two ways:

• 1. substrate-level
phosphorylation Enzyme

– transferring
phosphate groups Adenosine

from organic Organic molecule

molecules to ADP (substrate)

– does not use ATP Adenosine

synthase
New organic molecule
– glycolysis and C.A.C. (product)
• 2. oxidative phosphorylation:
– covered in later slides
High H+
concentration

ATP synthase
uses gradient
energy to make
ATP
Membrane

Electron
transport chain

ATP
synthase

Energy from

Low H+
concentration
• The efficiency of cellular respiration

Energy released Energy released Gasoline energy

from glucose from glucose converted to
(as heat and light) banked in ATP movement
almost
100%

About
40% 25%
Burning glucose “Burning” glucose Burning gasoline
in an experiment in cellular respiration in an auto engine
• ATP powers almost all cell and body activities
• review:
– 1. Glycolysis
• occurs in the cytoplasm
– 2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
• occurs in matrix of mitochondria
– 3. e.t.c. (oxidative phosphorylation)
• occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria
Overview of glycolysis:
- occurs in almost all organisms (except some
bacteria)
- ancient pathway: does not require O2

Glucose Pyruvic
acid
 PREPARATORY
Steps 1 – 3 A fuel Glucose PHASE

• Details of molecule is energized, Step (energy investment)

using ATP. 1
Glucose-6-phosphate
glycolysis 2

Fructose-6-phosphate
3

Fructose-1,6-diphosphate
Step 4 A six-carbon 4
intermediate splits into
two three-carbon Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
intermediates. (G3P)

5 ENERGY PAYOFF
Step 5 A redox PHASE
reaction generates
NADH. 1,3-Diphosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
6

Steps 6 – 9 ATP 3-Phosphoglyceric acid

and pyruvic acid 7 (2 molecules)
are produced.
2-Phosphoglyceric acid
8 (2 molecules)

2-Phosphoglyceric acid
(2 molecules)
9
Pyruvic acid
(2 molecules
per glucose molecule)
• intermediate step
– pyruvic acid molecule is broken down to form
CO2 and a two-carbon acetyl
– coenzyme A (CoA) helps acetyl enter the Krebs

Pyruvic Acetyl CoA

acid (acetyl coenzyme A)

CO2
• The Krebs
cycle:
Acetyl CoA
• series of
reactions
• enzymes strip
away electrons 2
KREBS
from citric acid CYCLE CO2
 2 carbons enter cycle
Oxaloacetic
acid
1

Citric acid

5 CO2 leaves cycle

KREBS 2
CYCLE

Malic
acid

4
Alpha-ketoglutaric acid
3
CO2 leaves cycle
Succinic
acid

Step 1 Steps 2 and 3 Steps 4 and 5

Acetyl CoA stokes NADH, ATP, and CO2 are generated Redox reactions generate FADH2
the furnace during redox reactions. and NADH.
• NADH delivers electrons to electron transport
chain
– electron energy is released in small quantities

Ener
g
avai y releas
lable e
for m d and no
akin w
g AT
P

E
of th LECTRO
e ele N CA
ctro Electron flow
n tra RRIERS
nspo
rt ch
ain
• In an explosion, 02 is reduced in one step

Energy released as
heat and light

Figure 6.6B
Figure 7.14

H+
H +

Protein H+
complex H+
of electron Cyt c
carriers

IV
Q
I III
ATP
II synthase
2 H+ + ½ O2 H2O
FADH2 FAD

NADH NAD+
ADP + P ATP
i
(carrying electrons
from food) H+

1 Electron transport chain 2 Chemiosmosis

Oxidative phosphorylation
• oxidative
phosphorylation: High H+
concentration

– high energy electrons ATP synthase

uses gradient
dropped off at E.T.C. Membrane
energy to
make ATP
by NADH, FADH2
Electron
– H+ gradient transport
chain
established by pumps
ATP
– chemiosmotic synthase

production of ATP by Energy from

ATP synthase
Low H+
concentration

Figure 6.7A
• per glucose, chemiosmosis produces up to 38
ATP molecules
• in reality, it’s less (about 25)

Cytoplasmic fluid Mitochondrion

Electron shuttle
across
membranes

KREBS
GLYCOLYSIS
2
2 KREBS CYCLE
ELECTRON
Glucose Acetyl CYCLE TRANSPORT CHAIN
Pyruvic CoA AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
acid

by substrate-level used for shuttling electrons by substrate-level by chemiosmotic

phosphorylation from NADH made in glycolysis phosphorylation phosphorylation

Maximum per glucose:

 H+
INTERMEMBRANE SPACE Stator

Rotor

Internal rod

Catalytic knob

ADP
+
MITOCHONDRIAL MATRIX P ATP
i
Some poisons interrupt the E.T.C. of the mitochondria

Rotenone Cyanide, Oligomycin

carbon monoxide

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN ATP SYNTHASE

• Under anaerobic conditions, some cells use
glycolysis alone to produce small amounts of
ATP
– some bacteria
– yeast
– skeletal muscles
• alcoholic fermentation:
– pyruvic acid converted to CO2 and
ethanol
– recycles NAD+ to keep glycolysis
working

released

GLYCOLYSIS

2 Pyruvic 2 Ethanol
acid
Glucose
• lactic acid fermentation
– pyruvic acid is converted to lactic acid

GLYCOLYSIS

2 Pyruvic 2 Lactic acid

acid
Glucose
• Pathways of molecular breakdown

Food, such as
peanuts

Polysaccharides Fats Proteins

Sugars Glycerol Fatty acids Amino acids

Amino
groups

Pyruvic ELECTRON
Glucose G3P Acetyl KREBS
acid TRANSPORT CHAIN
CoA CYCLE
AND CHEMIOSMOSIS
GLYCOLYSIS
• Biosynthesis of macromolecules from
intermediates in cellular respiration
ATP needed to
drive biosynthesis

GLUCOSE SYNTHESIS
KREBS Acetyl Pyruvic
G3P Glucose
CYCLE CoA acid

Amino
groups
Amino acids Fatty acids Glycerol Sugars

Proteins Fats Polyscaccharides

Cells, tissues, organisms

 The Big Picture
Light
energy
ECOSYSTEM

Photosynthesis
in chloroplasts Organic
CO2 + H2O + O2
molecules
Cellular respiration
in mitochondria

ATP powers
ATP
most cellular work

Heat
energy