ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS

OHM `S LAW

Prepared by EMMANUEL SIY

Ohms LAW

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Define Ohm’s law. Ohm’s law states that I = V/R
where “I” is the current flowing through the circuit,
“V” is the voltage applied to the circuit, and “R” is
the resistance.[13] Resistance is the measure of how
difficult it is for electrons to flow through a wire

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Calculating Resistance

This yields R = V/I. If you experimentally

determine the amount of current and
voltage going through the wire, you can
calculate the resistance

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Plug in experimentally determined figures. Using the
experimental results you obtained from your circuit, you can
calculate the resistance of the wire in question. Plug in the
numbers for the current (I) obtained from the ammeter and
voltage (V) obtained from the voltmeter from your circuit
into the equation . For example: After setting up your
circuit, you found that the current was 10 amps and the
voltage was 100 volts. R = V/I = 100/10

Solve for resistance. Once you have plugged in the

numbers, simply take voltage divided by current to solve
for the resistance of the wire . For example: R = V/I =
100/10 = 10 ohms. The resistance of the wire is 10 ohms

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WIRES
The cables and wires resistance depends on its
conductor material, its length and its cross-
sectional area.

The cables and wires you use in lab are typically

made of copper, one of the best conductors of
electricity. The resistance of a wire is given by:

Since copper has a low resistivity ρ

copper=1.7×10−8Ω⋅m, the resistance of short
lengths of wire (such as the ones in lab or even
the electric wiring in a building) is usually
negligible compared to the resistance of other
components. Therefore, we generally ignore the
resistance of wire

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In order to be able to compare the resistivity of
different materials from items like copper and
silver to other metals and substances including
bismuth, brass and even semiconductors, a
standard measurement must be used.
The definition of resistivity states that the
resistivity of a substance is the resistance of a
cube of that substance having edges of unit
length, with the understanding that the current
flows normal to opposite faces and is
distributed uniformly over them.
Resistivity is normally measured in Ohm
metres . This means that the resistivity is
measured for cube of the material measuring a
metre in each direction.

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 Electrical conductivity formulas

Resistivity and conductivity are interrelated.

Conductivity is the inverse of resistivity. Accordingly it
is easy to express one in terms of the other.

σ=1/ρ

Where:
σ is the conductivity of the material in siemens
per metre, S⋅m-1
ρ is the resistivity of the material in ohm
metres, Ω⋅m

This can then be substituted into the formula for

CONDUCTIVITY resistivity to give the following relationship

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σ=J/E

Where:
σ is the conductivity of the material in
siemens per metre, S⋅m-1
E is the magnitude of the electric field in
volts per metre, V⋅m-1
J is the magnitude of the current density in
amperes per square metre, A⋅m-2

Often it is necessary to relate the conductivity

to a specific length of material with a constant
cross sectional area..

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Where:
R is the electrical resistance of a uniform specimen of the material measured in ohms
l is the length of the piece of material measured in metres, m
A is the cross-sectional area of the specimen measured in square metres, m2

Using these electrical conductivity formulas it is possible to calculate the conductivity from a
knowledge of the resistance, length and cross sectional area of a block of a material.

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 Resistivity classifications for conductors,
insulators, semiconductors

There are three broad classifications of materials in terms of their

resistivity: conductors, semiconductors and insulators.

COMPARISON OF RESISTIVITY OF CONDUCTORS, SEMICONDUCTORS

AND INSULATORS

MATERIAL TYPICAL RESISTIVITY RANGE (ΩM)

Conductors 10-2 - 10-8
Semiconductors 10-6 - 106
Insulators 1011 - 1019

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 TOPIC
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Thank
You
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