Day 25 – Day 27

MATH156/MATH24-1
Inverse Laplace
Transforms
Definition
1 Inverse Transforms of Some Functions
F(s) 𝓛−𝟏 F(s) 𝓛−𝟏
1
1 1 9 1 1 at
s ( s  a) 2  k 2 e sin kt
2 1 eat
k
sa 10 sa
e at cos kt
1 (s  a)2  k 2
3 t
s2 11 e  as u (t  a )
1 t 2 s
4
s3 2 12 e  as F (s ) f (t  a )u (t  a)
5 1 t n 1
 f (t )
sn (n  1)!
13
s
F (u )du
t
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s2  a2 a
8 s cos at
s  a2
2
 F(s) 𝓛 -1
1
1 1
s
2 1 eat
sa
3 1 t
s2
4 1 t2
s3 2
5 1 t n 1
sn ( n  1)!
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n ( n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s  a2
2
a
8 s cos at
s2  a2
 F(s) 𝓛 -1
1
1 1
s
2 1 eat
sa
3 1 t
s2
4 1 t2
s3 2
5 1 t n 1
sn (n  1)!
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s  a2
2
a
8 s cos at
s2  a2
 F(s) 𝓛 -1
1
1 1
s
2 1 eat
sa
3 1 t
s2
4 1 t2
s3 2
5 1 t n1
sn (n  1)!
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s  a2
2
a
8 s cos at
s2  a2
 F(s) 𝓛 -1
1
1 1
s
2 1 eat
sa
3 1 t
s2
4 1 t2
s3 2
5 1 t n 1
sn (n  1)!
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s  a2
2
a
8 s cos at
s2  a2
F(s) 𝓛−𝟏
9 1 1 at
( s  a) 2  k 2 e sin kt
k
10 sa
e at cos kt
(s  a)2  k 2
11 e  as u (t  a)
s
12 e  as F (s ) f (t  a )u (t  a )
 f (t )
13
s
F (u )du
t
Applying the definition of the unit step we have
 2 Partial Fractions
Most of the applications considered in this chapter led to a subsidiary equation whose solution F(s) was of the
form
p(s)
F (s) 
q( s)
where p(s) and q(s) are polynomials in s. In such
case,

f (t )
Expansions Theorem
Expansions Theorem

A. Distinct Real Roots

 p(s) 
Theorem If f (t )  L 
-1
 , where p(s) and q(s) are polynomials
 q(s) 
and the degree of q(s) is greater than the degree of p(s), then the term in f(t) corresponding
to an unrepeated linear factor s - a of q(s) is equal as well,
p (a ) at or P (a ) at
e e
q' (a) Q(a)
where Q(s) is the product of all the factors of q(s) except s - a.
Example 5
s2  s  3
If F ( s )  3 2
, what is f(t)?
s  6 s  11s  6
Solution :
The function can be written as:
s2  s  3
F (s) 
( s  1)( s  2)( s  3)

Which can be expressed using partial fractions as:

s2  s  3 A B C
F ( s)    
( s  1)( s  2)( s  3) ( s  1) ( s  2) ( s  3)
A
For the term , we choose  (s ) by removing the term s + 1 in the
( s  1)
denominator and of F(s) and equating s to -1, hence we have for our coefficient A:
s2  s  3
A
( s  2)( s  3) s  1
A = 5/2
 F(s) 𝓛 -1
Similarly, we can solve for B and C: 1
1
s
1

s2  s  3 9 2 1 eat

B  sa
1
( s  1)( s  3) 1
3 t
s2
s  2 1 t2
4
s3
s2  s  3 15
2
1 t n 1
C  5
sn (n  1)!
( s  1)( s  2) s 3 2 6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
Then we can have: 7 1
s  a2
2
1
a
sin at

8 s cos at
s2  a2
5/ 2 9 15 / 2
F ( s)   
( s  1) ( s  2) ( s  3)
f (t )  52 e  t  9 2t  152 e 3t
hence we obtain the same result.
Example 6
Find the inverse Laplace transform of the function:
3s  1
F (s)  3
s  2s 2  s  2
Solution
The factors of the denominator can be acquired as:
s 3  2s 2  s  2  ( s  1)( s  1)( s  2)
Solution
The function can be written as:
3s  1
F (s) 
( s  1)( s  1)( s  2)

In terms of partial fractions:

3s  1 A B C
F (s)    
( s  1)( s  1)( s  2) ( s  1) ( s  1) ( s  2)

A
For the term , we choose  (s ) by removing the term s - 1 in the
( s  1)
denominator and of F(s) and equating s to 1, hence we have for our coefficient A:
3s  1
A
( s  1)( s  2) s1
A = 2/3
Similarly, we can solve for B and C: F(s)
1
𝓛 -1
1 1
3s  1 2 s

B  2 1
sa
eat

( s  1)( s  2) s1  2 3 1 t
s2
1
3s  1 5 4
s3
t2

C  1
2
t n 1
( s  1)( s  1) s2 3
5
sn (n  1)!
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
7 1 1
Thus we have: s  a2
2

s
a
sin at

8 cos at
s2  a2

2/3 1 5/3
F (s)   
( s  1) ( s  1) ( s  2)

f (t )  23 et  e  t  53 e 2t

hence we obtain the same result.

 A. Repeated Real Roots
 p( s) 
Theorem : If f (t )  L -1
  , where p(s) and q(s) are polynomials and the
 q( s) 
degree of q(s) is greater than the degree of p(s), then the terms in f(t) corresponding to a
repeated linear factor (s – a)r in q(s) are
  ( r 1) (a )  ( r  2) (a)  ' (a) r  2  (a) r 1  at
  t  ...  t  t e
 (r  1)!0! (r  2)!1! 1!(r  2)! 0!(r  1)! 

where (s) is the quotient of p(s) and all the factors of q(s) except (s – a)r.
Example 7 1
F(s)
1
𝓛 -1
1

Find the Inverse transform of F ( s )  s 2 1

sa
s
eat

( s  1)( s  2) 2 3 1
s2
1
t

4 t2
s3 2
5 1 t n 1
sn (n  1)!
6 1 e at t n 1
(s  a) n (n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s  a2
2
a
8 s cos at
s2  a2
 Transform of Derivatives
Theorem
Suppose that f (t ) is continuous for all t  0 and has derivatives f ' (t ) which
is piecewise continuous on every finite interval in the range t  0 . Then the Laplace
transform of the derivative f ' (t ) exists and
L-  f ' (t )  sF ( s )  f (0)

Let f (t ) and its derivative f ' (t ), f ' ' (t ),..., f ( n1) (t ) be continuous functions
for all t  0 , and let the derivative f n (t ) be piecewise continuous on every finite interval
in the range t  0 . Then the Laplace transform of f n (t ) exists and is given by the formula
L f n

(t )  s n F ( s )  s n 1 f (0)  s n  2 f ' (0)  ...  f n 1 (0)
Example
Solve the initial value problem
y ' '2 y '3 y  0, y (0)  1, y ' (0)  7

using transform of derivatives.

Solution
Let F (s ) be the laplace transform of the solution y (t ) . Then by theorems the
initial conditions

L y ' (t )  sF ( s )  f (0)  sF ( s )  1
L y ' ' (t )  s 2
F ( s )  sf (0)  f ' (0)  s 2 F ( s )  s  7
 Substitute these into the Laplace transform of the given differential equation
finding
( s 2  2s  3) F ( s )  s  5

s5 s5
F (s)  2 
s  2s  3 ( s  3)( s  1)
and using the previous topics we have

2 1
F ( s)  
( s  3) ( s  1)

Using linearity, the solution of the differential equation is y (t )  2e 3t  e  t

Example
Solve the differential equation
y ' ' y  sin 3t , y (0)  0, y ' (0)  0

Solution
Taking the Laplace transform of both sides and from theorems we obtain
3
s 2 F ( s )  sf (0)  f ' (0)  F ( s ) 
s2  9

Using the initial conditions,

3
( s  1) 2 F ( s ) 
s2  9
3
F (s) 
( s 2  1)( s 2  9)
Using partial fractions we obtain
3 3 3 1 1 
F (s)  2
- 2
  2 - 2 
8( s  1) 8(s  9) 8  s  1 s  9 
F(s) 𝓛 -1
1
1 1
s

Thus, the solution of the differential equation is 2 1

sa
1
eat

3 1
3 t
s2

y (t )  sin t - sin 3t 4 1 t2
s3 2

8 8 5 1
sn
t n 1
( n  1)!
6 1 e at t n1
(s  a) n ( n  1)!
7 1 1
sin at
s2  a2 a
8 s cos at
s  a2
2