Service Provision to Victims of Trafficking

and Migrants in Vulnerable Situation

Adama, Ethiopia
March 2023
 Training Information
• The training is organized in collaboration with the NPC and
Partnership Coalition protection working group
• It will be three days of training from 8-10 March 2023 in Adama
• The training will be delivered in collaboration with IOM and
governmental/non-governmental counterparts who took ToT
previously
• The targets for the third round are service providers, including
governmental organizations, NGOs, and Red Cross
Migrant Protection and Victim Assistance
IOM Ethiopia is implementing “Improving the Protection of Victims of Internal
and Transnational Trafficking In Ethiopia” Project
(1) Institutionalizing TIP Referral Mechanisms between State Actors and Civil
Society;
(2) Supporting the mainstreaming of internal trafficking in the planning and
review meetings
(3) Improving Comprehensive Services for Victims of Trafficking.
Objective of the training
Support the Institutionalization of TIP Referral
Mechanisms between State Actors and Civil Society in
Ethiopia

Disseminate referral tools to partners and to advocate

for formal commitment by NPC members to uphold
the contents of the NRM SOP in day-to-day work
 Module One
Migration and Trafficking in Persons

Module Two Relevant Legal Frameworks for Migrant

Protection and Victims Assistance
Module Determinants of Migrant Vulnerability
Three Model
Training Module Four Identification of Victims of Trafficking and
Modules Migrants in Vulnerable Situation

Module Five Case Management Approach to TiP and

Migration

Module Six Care to Victims of Trafficking and

Migrants in Vulnerable Situation
Module The National Referral Mechanism of
Seven Ethiopia
Training Methodology

ERGA – Experience, Participatory and based Relevant materials will

Reflection, on case stories be shared for further
Generalization and reading
Application Approach
 Punctuality

No disturbances – Silent Phones and no-side talks

Respect each other

Ground
Rules Active Participation

Creating Safe Space

Anything else?
 Responsibilities and Logistics

Timekeepers Evaluators Logistics

• Let us select two • Let us select three • DSA 650/day

timekeepers for the daily evaluation • Transport will be
three days analysts for two covered
days
• Lunch and
Refreshment served
Any Question before we start?
 MODULE 1. INTRODUCTION TO
MIGRATION AND TRAFFICKING IN
PERSON
 Define keys terms used in relation to
migration and Trafficking in Persons

Learning Describe global & regional migration

objectives: trends

List the multiple drivers of migration as

well as the challenges and
opportunities that arise from such
movements
 Migration is a complex
phenomenon with multifaced
outcomes
Overview
Migrants are exposed to
vulnerable situations because
of the interplay of different
factors
Activity: Brainstorming (15 Minutes)

• What terms in the area of migration do you use in your

daily work / can name? How do you define them?
• How do you define the term migration and migrant?
 Migration At a Glance
Migration is …

A Complex, Global Phenomenon

In 2020, 283 million international migrants and estimated 740 million internal migrants
world-wide

A phenomenon affecting all countries either as countries of origin,

transit, destination or, increasingly, a combination of these

Positive: considerable potential for Negative too: irregular migration in

development and progress: particular trafficking and
remittances, transfer of know-how, smuggling, social tensions, impact
multi-culturalism, contribution to on labour markets
economies of host countries

Source: IOM WMR, UN DESA

14
 Migration refers to …

There is no universally agreed definitions, but

countries might adopt definitions for there purpose

The movement of persons away from their place of

usual residence, either across an international
border or within a State.
De Migrant

Usually, a migrant An umbrella term, not defined under

international law, reflecting the common lay understanding of
a person who moves away from his or her place of usual
residence, whether within a country or across an
international border, temporarily or permanently, and for a
variety of reasons.

It applies to persons, and family members, moving to

another country or region to better their material or social
conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their
family
Source: “Glossary on Migration”, IOM 2019
De Migrant

The term is usually understood to cover

all cases where the decision to migrate
is taken freely by the individual
concerned for reasons of “personal
convenience” and without intervention of
an external compelling factor

Source: “Glossary on Migration”, IOM 2019

 MIGRA
NTS
migrant worker
irregular migrant
environmental migrant UMC
stateless persons
asylum seeker refugee
IDP

victim of trafficking smuggled migrant

Characteristics of migrant population: Gender and age
distribution

Just under half of international migrants are female (48 per cent). In 2020,
women and girls represented 134.9 million migrants worldwide, with men
and boys representing 145.6 million migrants worldwide.

Most international migrants are of working age. In comparison to the

national population, migrants are more concentrated in the working ages:
73 per cent of international migrants are 20–64 years old, compared to 57
per cent of the total population.
In any case, it is safe to assert that the international migrant population
grew at a faster rate than the total population. Yet migrants remain a
relatively small and stable proportion of the world’s total population. In
2000, 2.8 per cent of the world’s total population were international
migrants; by 2020, the number was 3.6 per cent.
 Refugee…

is a person who is outside his country or habitual place of

residence

 because of fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion,

nationality, membership of a particular social group or
political opinion

 because of external aggression, foreign domination or

events seriously disturbing public order.
Refugees and asylum seekers

The number of refugees globally reached a record high of 26 million by

the end of 2019 (United Nations High Commission for Refugees
[UNHCR], 2020: 2).
An estimated 4.2 million people had requested international protection
and were awaiting refugee status (these people are also known as
asylum seekers).
The grant, by a State, of protection on its territory to persons outside
their country of nationality or habitual residence, who are fleeing
persecution or serious harm or for other reasons.
Asylum encompasses a variety of elements, including non-
refoulement, permission to remain on the territory… seekers).
 Definitions

Internally displaced persons (IDP) are …

Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or

obliged to flee or to leave their homes

In particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of

armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations
Definitions
of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and
who have not crossed an internationally recognized State
border

23
Internally displaced persons (IDP) are

Overall, the number of people displaced due to war, conflict, persecution

, human rights violations and events significantly disturbing public order
grew to the record number of 79.5 million in 2019 (UNHCR, 2020).
Of these, 34 million had been displaced across international borders
(United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs [UN DESA]
2020).
Between 2010 and 2020, at least 100 million people were displaced.
Four fifths are living in low- and middle-income countries, and displaced
people make up 50 per cent of the migrant populations in these
countries.
Drivers of International migration

Migration is likely to increase, if current drivers persist.

It concludes, however, that the scale of migration should remain
manageable in the years ahead if countries of origin and destination
cooperate in managing migration.
There are five primary macrolevel drivers of migration– economics,
demographics, social, political and environmental. These provide the
broad context in which people move from one location to another.
In addition, there are microlevel factors (such as age, gender and
income level) that determine how the macro factors influence
migration decisions at the personal or household (micro) level.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR MIGRATION
 INTERSECTIONS WITH OTHER TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES
 Session Two: Trafficking in Persons and the Local
Context

Learning Objectives:
• Define what is “trafficking in Persons”, the elements
of the crime and what makes migrants vulnerable to
trafficking.
• Recognize the protection challenges of victims of
trafficking and migrants in the process of trafficking
and migration respectively
Trafficking in Persons and the Local Context

Overview:

• Trafficking in person is a serious crime against a person

• It is important to understand the difference between TiP and
SoMs
• Both internal and transnational trafficking is prevalent in Ethiopia
Children and Women being primary targets.
• There are diverse protection challenges in Ethiopia related to
Migration
 What is Trafficking in
Persons?
Brainstormin What is the difference
g
between Trafficking in
Persons and Smuggling
of Migrants?
 Migrants vulnerable to violence, abuse and exploitation…
Definition:
Migrant or group of migrants exposed
to or with experience of violence,
exploitation or abuse within a migration
context and with limited capability to
avoid, resist, cope or recover, as a
result of the unique interaction of
individual, household/family, community
and structural characteristics and
conditions.
Violence: the intentional use of physical force
or power, threatened or actual, that either
results in, or has a high likelihood of resulting
in, injury, death or psychological harm.
Abuse: an improper act by a person in a
position of relative power, causing harm to a
person of lesser power (including physical
abuse, sexual abuse, abuse of a position of
vulnerability, psychological abuse, etc).
Exploitation: the unfair treatment of a person for
someone else’s benefit.
Palermo Convention and Protocols
• Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women
and Children
Article 3.
Trafficking in persons shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt
of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of
fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or
receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another
person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation
of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services,
slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;

MEANS PURPOSE
ACTION Abuse of vulnerability Sexual exploitation
Deception Servitude
Transportation
Threat Forced labour
Recruitment
Coercion Slavery
Transfer
Fraud Removals of organs
Receipt
Use of force Prostitution
Harbouring
Abduction
Abuse of power
 TiP Protocol Definition

All three elements must be cumulatively present for trafficking

in persons to occur, that is, Activity, Means and Purpose

(A+ B+ C= trafficking)

Exception: In the case of children, only the activity and

the purpose are relevant. The means of
trafficking are not.

( A+C= trafficking of a child)

b. (b) The consent of a victim of trafficking
in persons to the intended exploitation
set forth in subparagraph (a) of this
article shall be irrelevant where any of
the means set forth in subparagraph (a)
have been used;
 Who are the victims & traffickers

Victims Traffickers
 Undocumented migrants,  Members of the victim’s own
legal immigrants, community; family; friends;
nationals in their own criminal organizations
country  Travel agents
 Men, women, children
 Pimps
 some kind of vulnerability
 Diplomats
that can be exploited

ANYONE
Migrant Smuggling is;

 the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or

indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of
the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of
which the person is not a national or a
permanent resident

 illegal entry shall mean the crossing of borders

without complying with the necessary
requirements for legal entry into the receiving
State
 Difference between trafficking and smuggling

3 Differences Trafficking Smuggling

1. How money is Exploitation of victim Helping people cross
in destination country borders illegally
made
2. The question of Potential victim Client agrees to
‘agrees’ to travel on travel with full
consent
basis of false information about
(agreement) information journey, destination
and costs

3. Relationships Trafficker-Victim Smuggler-Client

Relationship Relationship ends
 Trafficker-Victim
continues in country once border is
 Smuggler-Client of destination crossed in country of
destination
Activity: Matching game

Instructions:

1- Lay down on an A3 paper different case scenarios that you will stick to the
wall or a flip chart

2- Prepare the corresponding terminology cards

3- Divide the participants into 4 groups of 6 people

4- Each group will match the case scenarios to each terminology card

5- Groups will compare their results and discuss discrepancies

 MODULE 2. RELEVANT LEGAL
FRAMEWORKS FOR THE PROTECTION OF
VICTIMS OF TRAFFICKING AND MIGRANTS
IN VULNERABLE SITUATIONS
 SESSION OVERVIEW
Session overview
• Rights and child rights-based
approach to migration
• Applicable legal provisions for the
protection of victims of Trafficking,
UASC, returnees, migrant workers
and other migrants in vulnerable
situations.
Session learning objectives
• Distinguish between rights-based and needs-
based approaches
• Explain the importance of a child-rights
based approach
• Identify key protective provisions in relevant
international, regional and national law.
• Examine a TIP case and SoM case
Activity: Gallery walk
Instructions:

• Divide the participants into 4 groups.

• Prepare two separate flip charts for 2 of the groups on which you will write down 5
columns corresponding respectively to the following categories of migrants:

 Smuggled migrants
 Trafficking in Persons
 Unaccompanied and separated migrant children
 Returnees
 Migrant workers
 Migrant victim of violence and abuse
• Write on a separate piece of paper all the relevant applicable legal frameworks and
policies for the protection of each of the designated migrants in vulnerable
situations.

• Assign the two groups to match and stick the relevant frameworks under the
corresponding column. This a quick response exercise.

• Assign the two remaining groups to check and evaluate their peers’ work.

• Announce the winner of this exercise by checking the relevance of the answers
during the generalization phase.
The relevance of a rights-based approach to migration
• Ethiopia’s International and regional commitments in the field of labour law,
human rights law, refugee law, humanitarian law, transnational criminal law.

• Obligation to respect, protect and fulfil the rights contained in these

instruments (human-rights based approach).

• Migrants, as right holders, can claim their rights guaranteed by the law to the
state which, as a duty-bearer, needs to meet its obligations.

• Deviation from the need-based approach and Charity Model.

The relevance of a child rights-based approach
• Specific legal framework constituted of international
children’s rights standards

• Ethiopia has committed to give effect to the UN Convention

on the Rights of the Child:

• 4 foundational principles:
• Principe of non-discrimination
• Principle of the best interest of the child
• The right to life, survival and development
• The right to participation
Applicable Legal Provisions for the Protection of Unaccompanied
and Separated Migrant Children
• Art. 36 of the FDRE Constitution: best interest of the child
 Detention contravenes to the BIC

• Adequate participation of the child

• Principe of non-discrimination
• Principle of family unity

• Protection against exploitation and harmful practices

• Criminal liability: applicable specific provisions in the criminal code
PROTECTION FOR SPECIFIC
GROUPS
Child Protection –prevention and response to violence against, and
exploitation, abuse and neglect of children; informed by the 1989
Convention on the Rights of the Child
•Women’s Protection –recognize that violence against women and girls
is universal and can affect their physical health, psychological well-
being and social lives.
•Protection of Persons Living with Disabilities –all persons with all type
of disabilities are equally entitled to enjoy all human rights and
fundamental freedoms
National Legal Frameworks Ethiopia

 The FDRE Constitution (Art 18(2) states Trafficking in human being

for whatever purpose is prohibited.

 Ethiopian Criminal Code and the Criminal procedure code

(prohibition in the constitution was confirmed under Article 597
National Legal Frameworks …Cont’d

 Proclamation no 1178/2020

 Directive no 65/2011 (Regulates the economic reintegration of

victims and returnee migrants.)
 Directive No. 563/2013
 NRM Directive no: 562/2013
 Witness Protection & protection of Whistle
blowers
 Proclamation 699/2003/ የወንጀል ምስክሮችና ጠቋሚዎች ጥበቃ
 Types of Protection Measures: physical protection of person and
property, providing a secure residence including relocation, concealing
identity and ownership, change of identity, provision of self-defense
weapon. MOJ-FAG
 Application for protection: person eligible, Investigator, public prosecutor
 Protection agreement and special protection measures (Children/Minors)
Applicable Legal Provisions for the Protection of Migrant Workers

 The Overseas Employment Proclamation No. 923/2016

 The pre-existence of labour agreement (KSA, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Jordan)
 Pre-departure training
 Assignment of labour attaches to destination countries
 Baseline requirements for employment contracts and
 The provision of information to individuals about their rights.

• Responsibility and accountability upon private employment agencies and

government authorities
• To reduce the vulnerability factors, the individual wishing to become a migrant worker
must fulfil certain requirements:

 She or he must be over 18 years

 Possession of a certificate of occupational competence.
 
Applicable Legal Provisions for the Protection of
Returnees
 Victim Reintegration Directive 65/2018 (2011)

• The directive apply to vulnerable returnee which is

 any Ethiopian citizen who has suffered physical, economic, psychological or social
harm as a result of various forms of violence or exploitation in transit or destination
countries regardless of:

o The used channel to migrate (regular or irregular);

o The reason for departure;
o the duration of the stay abroad and
o The voluntary or involuntary nature of the return.
 Applicable Legal Provisions for the Protection of VoTs and
smuggled migrants

• Four key pillars:

 i) Criminalization and Prosecution;

 ii) Prevention;
 iii) Protection, Rehabilitation and Compensation;
 iv) Cooperation.
• Rural-urban and cross-border trafficking
• Criminalisation of the unlawful sending of persons abroad for work and related crimes
and the exploitation of the prostitution of others
 Recruitment,
transportation, Exploitation :
transfer,
harbouring or
receipt of persons
slavery or practices similar to slavery,
servitude or debt bondages; exploited in
Three
elements of
removing organs or prostitution or other
trafficking in
using threat or
forms of sexual activities of another person;
the purpose of persons
sexual force or other engages another person in forced labour or
exploitation, means of
forced labour, coercion, service, begging or criminal act, forced
removal of organs abduction,
fraud,
marriage, surrogacy, or exploited children
deception, in labour, or commit exploitation similar to
these acts.
 
• Children: the use of force, threat or other forms of coercion is not
required for the transaction to be qualified as trafficking as long as the
act is perpetrated for the purpose of exploitation.
 
• Crime is aggravated when crime committed against children and
mentally ill or disabled persons.

• The consent of a person given under threat, coercion or as a result of

deceit or fraud is unacceptable.
  
 Protection of Victims (VoTs and SM)
National Victims Foreign victims
• Respect for the privacy and identity of victims • Foreign victims are entitled to the same
protection & assistance services
• The right to information on available
protection, assistance and support as well as • Excluding economic empowerment
on legal proceedings. rehabilitation service

• Appropriate health and social services, • Temporary residence permit, if

medical care, counselling and psychological appropriate
assistance as well as legal support and shelter

PROHIBITION OF THE DETENTION OF VICTIMS) IN POLICE STATIONS, DETENTION OR PRISON

FACILITY.
Applicable Legal Provisions for the Protection of
Returnees
 Overseas Employment Proclamation:
 Right to access to reintegration
support and assistance for returnee
migrant workers who migrated
through regular labour channels
 Awaiting directive from the MOLSA
 Victim Reintegration Directive 65/2018 (2011)
• The directive apply to vulnerable returnee which is
 any Ethiopian citizen who has suffered physical,
economic, psychological or social harm as a result of
various forms of violence or exploitation in transit or
destination countries regardless of:
o The used channel to migrate (regular or
irregular);
o The reason for departure;
o the duration of the stay abroad and
o The voluntary or involuntary nature of the
return.
Activity: Brainstorming combined with case study
Instructions: 
 
• After the projection of a set of pictures representing migrants in a different
position of vulnerability. Facilitators will ask the following guiding questions to
the participants: 

o How easy is it to identify smuggled migrants or trafficked persons?

o Can you tell which of the people in the pictures are smuggled migrants and
which are trafficked persons?
 
Who is…?
Which one seems victim of Human
Trafficking?
Debriefing

 
• It is very difficult to tell just from looking at a person the story
behind, especially when you work as a frontline works, it can be
very complicated. Since it depends on the circumstances, we
must all assess each case on its merits.
 
• The facilitator will then display each case study for the whole
room and participants will be asked to say if the person is
trafficked or not?
Case Study 1:
Abeba is the oldest of 5 children. She helps her father and mother in a
little grocery shop they own. While the family manages to make a living
for the moment, they are concerned about the future. The family
decides that Abeba should travel to Dubai to try and find a job and
make some money. Abeba doesn’t have much money to travel and
does not even have a passport. She does not have any contacts to help
her find work until her friend, Fatma, introduces her to a man named
Dula, who works for a travel agency. Dula helps Abeba get to the UAE. 
Is Abeba trafficked?
Case Study 2:
Dula buys her an air ticket and helps her procure a visa to enter the
UAE. Dula also gives Abeba the name of a friend of his, Aboush, who
manages a restaurant. Aboush gives Abeba a job as a waitress and a
small apartment above the restaurant. She does not earn a salary but
works for tips. On some nights, Abeba can earn as much as 60 dirhams,
and in her first month, she earns 2000 dirhams. This is almost enough
to cover her rent (1700 dirhams) and the food she eats at the
restaurant (500 dirhams). After 2 months, Abeba owes a debt of 200
dirhams to Aboush.

Is Abeba trafficked?
Case Study 3:
After 6 months, Abeba realizes that she has overstayed her visitor’s
visa, and she has still not made any money. She tells Aboush that she
intends to return home. Aboush tells her that he’s sorry to hear this,
but that she will need to pay him the 600 dirhams she owes him.
Aboush confiscates Abeba’s passport. 

Is Abeba trafficked?
Case Study 4:
Abeba is desperate to return home. She is now 3000 dirhams in debt to
Aboush since he decided to raise the rent. Abeba tried to find cheaper
accommodation and a better paying job, but Aboush said that if she
leaves him, he would tell the police that she was an illegal immigrant
and that she would be arrested and jailed.  

Is Abeba trafficked?
Case Study 5:
Aboush tells Abeba that if she really wants to go home, she can pay off
her debt quickly as a prostitute. Abeba is shocked at first, but as her
debt continues to grow, she believes that she has no other way out.  

Is Abeba trafficked?
Case Study 6:
Abeba begins working for Aboush as a prostitute. He keeps the money
she earns and subtracts it from her debt. He also keeps about 50% for
himself as payment for the ‘security’ that he provides her. He also
raises the rent on the apartment. 

Is Abeba trafficked?
MODULE 3. THE IOM DETERMINANTS OF MIGRANTS
VULNERABILITY MODEL
 SESSION 1: IOM DETERMINANTS OF MIGRANTS
VULNERABILITY MODEL
Session overview Session learning objectives

• The rationale behind the development of

the DoMV Model and its relevance;   • Identify risk and protective factors at
the individual, household, community
• Risk and protective factors at the individual, and structural levels in a given
household, community and structural levels
migration context
in a given migration context; 
• Application of the DoMV in the programs
and interventions developed for vulnerable
migrant
Activity: Think Pair Share

o How would you define vulnerability? Provide examples

of migrant vulnerability?
o How would you define Resilience? Are there any factors
that can enhance the resilience of migrants and mitigate
their vulnerability?
Why a model on migrant vulnerability?
1) Inclusive
• There are migrants in need of protection and assistance who do not belong to any
protection regimes, among them:
o Stranded migrants
o Smuggled migrants with protection needs
o Irregular migrants, victims of torture, rape, etc.

No clear
No internationally Protection gaps
assistance
accepted regimes and unmet needs
programming
Why a model on migrant vulnerability?
2) Comprehensive and sustainable

• Currently : focus on direct assistance/short & medium term needs

• Must go beyond individual level into household, community and
structural.
• Downstream and upstream programming.
• The need to address underlying factors to guarantee sustainability
Why a model on migrant vulnerability?
3) Protective

• Not just risk factors but also protective factors or resilience of

migrants.
• Some experience horrendous and traumatic events and yet are able
to bounce back while others, not so much
• More flexible or comprehensive approach, and started using the term
“ migrants in a vulnerable situation” or “ migrants vulnerable to
violence, exploitation and abuse”.
DETERMINANTS OF
MIGRANT
VULNERABILITY
RISK FACTORS
Contribute to vulnerability

PROTECTIVE FACTORS
Improves resilience

 Context dependent
 May arise at origin, transit and
destination (example)
IOM PROTECTION AND
ASSISTANCE TO
VULNERABLE MIGRANTS
FRAMEWORK o Immediate, medium-term and
long term solutions

o Can be applied before, during

and after migration, but the
purpose will differ

o Operational tools to assist

practitioners in operationalizing
it (forms – confidentiality and
privacy principles)
Individual
level
Context
Programmatic response
Risk and protective factors

• Age (child) • Guardianship, best interests,

differential treatment
• Sex (trafficking)
• Try to change the context
• History of violence, abuse
• Counselling, information
• Health issues
• Treatment
• Education level
• Employment
Household/family
level Not every factor can be
changed
Context

Risk and protective factors Programmatic response

• Family size • Meet needs (ex: financial support)
• Single or child headed • Meet needs
• Strong caring relationships • Family support
• Sufficient employment • Family support
• Gender discrimination (girl  • Family counselling to change
≠ education) attitudes and beliefs
Community
level
Context

Risk and protective factors Programmatic response

• Harmful practices, stigma • Behaviour change
• Environmental hazards • Preparedness
• Community assets, strong • Strengthen community assets
communities ties and leverage them
• Presence of numerous civil • Create ways to connect one
societies, and another
 Structural
level Context

Risk and protective factors Programmatic response

• Uneven regional/national development
• Policies and governance gaps
• Weak migration management
• Lack of resources
• Strong legislation
• Equitable development
• Improvement of legal frameworks
• Improvement of policies
• Develop cooperation with NGOs,
private sectors, CSO, diaspora
• Promote a right-based intervention
Summary
Inclusive Comprehensive and sustainable Protective
• Includes all migrants • Must go beyond individual • Consider strengths and
vulnerable to violence, level into household, capacities of migrants and
exploitation, and abuse and community and structural. not just their vulnerabilities
not just protected or deficits.
categories. • Downstream and upstream
programming. • Households and
communities as safety nets.

IOM, Reducing Vulnerabilities and Empowering Migrants. The Determinants of Migrant Vulnerability model as an analytical and programmatic tool for the East and
Horn of Africa. Nairobi: 2018.
Activity: Group work

Instructions:

• Divide the participants into 4 groups of 6 people.

• Using the case study assigned to each group, trainees will need to answer the following questions (25 minutes).
o What are the migrant’s risk and protective factors?
o What are his/her household’s risk and protective factors, if any?
o What are his/her community’s risk and protective factors, if any?
o Are there any vulnerabilities or protective factors at the structural level?

• Ask each group to designate a rapporteur.

• One group with case study A and one group with case study B will present (10 minutes each).
• Other groups will add on to the presentation of each case study (5 minutes each).
 
 
Debriefing questions
General thoughts on the DoMV model?
How will participants apply this knowledge in
addressing potential protection challenges migrants will
face before, during and after migration?
Do you foresee any challenges with the application of
the model or framework?
MODULE 4. IDENTIFICATION OF
VICTIM OF TRAFFICKING AND
MIGRANTS IN VULNERABLE
SITUATION
 SESSION 1: IDENTIFICATION OF MIGRANTS IN NEED

Session overview Session learning objectives

• Identification of • Describe the process, the

migrants in need actors and the methods of
identification during the
• Screening forms as a initial identification phase
tool for identification
Activity: Brainstorming

• Experience sharing on how participants identify vulnerable migrants

and the challenges they face during the process (record responses).

• Discussion with the participants using the following guiding

questions:
o What type of screening forms do you use in your
ministries/department?
Why is identification important?
Trafficked Person:

1. Are victims of organised crime:

 May have serious security concerns; (To help migrant leave a dangerous, or potentially
dangerous, situation)
 May have information about criminal groups that they are willing to share

2. May have urgent/ immediate physical and psychological health needs - requiring
specialised treatment and care.

• Activates chain of protection.

Trafficked persons don’t self-identify because they…

1. Fear their traffickers

2. May not see themselves as victims
3. May suffer ‘Stockholm Syndrome’
(grown a misguided attachment to the trafficker)
4. May have post traumatic stress disorder & memory loss
5. May not trust immigration and police
6. May feel responsible for a family debt
7. May not speak local language/cultural differences
 Direct Indicators
• Any signs that force or threats has been used against the victim (injuries or bruising, signs of fear) or
• Any indication of deceptive means such as a debt bondage or suspect promises that have been used in
order to recruit the victim and where the purpose is to exploit him or her through :
• Prostitution
• Other forms of sexual exploitation
• Forced labour or services
• Slavery or practices
• Servitude (being a slave or completely subject to someone more powerful)
• Removal of body organs
• Other forms of exploitation
• This will include any child (under the age of 18 years) even though force, threats or deceptive means
have not been used
• It is also important to consider the health, demeanour and behaviour of the person, e.g. undue
rudeness, shyness, or nervousness.
Indirect Indicators
Will include:
• The migrant’s attire, which might seem out of place or unusual for the
person;
• Groups of passengers who suddenly split;
• Use of a falsified document, or inability to produce any travel document;
• Evasiveness in answering questions, for example concerning the visa;
• Uncertainty as to basic facts about his/her identity or the travel,
• Then they are to be considered as a possible trafficked victim and the
standards apply
 1 2

3
4
 Who can identify?
Government Immigration, police officers, social workers, health workers, consular staff.
 
NGOs and NGOs and international organizations (IOM, Agar Ethiopia, ICRC, OPROFS,
international AWSAD, GSA, ERCS, Retrak, IOM, including through its Emergency Migrant
organizations Response Centres (EMRC).

Communities Migrant's community or the host community

Private sector Employees of transportation companies, hotels, health facilities, and other
businesses in contact with the general public and hidden populations.
Ex: Children are identified at bus stations (Mercato) by community
members and workers around the area which can contact Save the
Children or the child protection units or police.
Frontline officers
Immigration officers, police at the federal and regional level
• Often have limited time to engage with migrants.
• Also have law enforcement responsibilities.
• Provision of assistance, referrals.
Case workers

Social workers (from MoWCYA, BoWCYA and MoLSA, BoLSA +NGOs

and international organisations)
• Case workers in various government departments.
• Identify vulnerable migrants through their work or through referrals.
• Have more time to spend with vulnerable migrants.
• Can develop short, medium and long-term assistance plans.
When and where to identify?
• Throughout the migration cycle:

oPre-departure
oTransit
oDestination
oReturn

• Identification should always respect the freedom of movement of

individuals (FDRE Constitution)
How to identify?
1 Contact 2 ‘Prima Facie’
with Possible Identification:
Victim 7 Key Indicators

Screening for trafficking in persons

4 Assess 3 Conduct In-depth

Additional Interview:
Evidence  Recruitment
 Transportation
 Exploitation

5 Consider All Evidence:

Key Indicators + Interview + Add. Evidence
98
‘Prima Facie’ Identification- purpose is simply to decide whether a situation / person needs to be investigated further.

STEP 2: Age

Last Nationality
Location
Documents
Signs of
Abuse Context

Sex
How to identify?
• Observation of clearly visible signs of vulnerability (e.g. an unaccompanied migrant child or
a pregnant woman).
• Self-identification (e.g. migrant requesting assistance from an immigration officer).
• Screening tools
• Rapid screening form
• VOT screening form
• Vulnerable migrant screening form

• In Ethiopia, frontline staff do rapid screenings and refer migrants to others (e.g. case managers) to do
more thorough screening.
• Social workers from MoWCAY/MOLSA/NGOs and Int Organisations will do a more detailed screening
Rapid screening form
for migrant vulnerability to trafficking, violence, exploitation and abuse

Objective

• Identify migrants with indicators of vulnerability and/or human trafficking

so that they can be referred for in-depth screening.
• For migrants who have already started the migration process, not for
potential migrants.
• Most appropriate for use when you don’t know if there are any indicators
of trafficking or vulnerability, and/or when you have limited time available
to conduct an interview.
Victim of trafficking screening form
Objective

• To be used to see if an individual is a victim of trafficking.

• Users of this form should be familiar with the definition of trafficking

as per Proclamation 1178/2020, and should have specialized training
and skills in interacting with potential victims of trafficking and in
interviewing vulnerable populations.
Vulnerable migrant screening form
(to violence, exploitation and abuse)

Transit Post arrival Return

Pre departure

• identify VM in order to take
preventive measures or reactive
• identify pre-existing measures if harm has already
vulnerability; preventive occurred
action
• identify VM so that
• Identify VM so that appropriate recovery
protection & assistance and reintegration plans
plans can be devised can be developed and
implemented
 Vulnerable migrant screening form

• If a person has already been screened for trafficking and has been
found to be a victim of trafficking, it is not necessary to complete this
form.

• If this form is completed and some indicators of trafficking are

disclosed, the trafficking screening form should also be completed.
Treatment of Victims of Trafficking

• Ensure safety and comfort - primary focus

• Ensure privacy and confidentiality

• Treat as victims of a serious crime

• Avoid re-traumatizing

• Provide immediate medical care

• Provide necessary information on services available

• Provide communication with family

• Do not promise the impossible

Exercise: fill in the table
Who can identify When to identify How to identify
migrants in need? migrants in need? migrants in need?
     

     

     

Debriefing question

How will participants improve their identification and screening process based on the knowledge
they gave gained in this session.
 Session 2: Interview techniques focusing on a non-stigmatising approach

Session overview Session Learning Objective

 Interview techniques for adults • Use the relevant techniques to

conduct an interview with
 Interview techniques for children and adults…
children
…in a non-stigmatising, non-
intimidating and sensitive manner.
Activity: Brainstorming

The facilitator should ask the participants about:

 Their experience in assisting foreign migrants? Children?

 What were the challenges, including cultural barriers?
 How did they overcome them?
Interview techniques for adults
Before
1) Set up the interview space
o Privacy
o Comfort

2) Decide who is going to conduct the interview

o Consider age, gender, religion and culture

3) Find a professional interpreter if possible

Before
4) Try to find out as much about the migrant and the case
beforehand (especially if foreign migrant)

5) Have a list of referral focal points and their contact details.

6) Turn off your mobile phone.

Before
7) Build rapport/trust.
o Introduce yourself in detail + objective of the interview + duration
o Try some informal conversation/small talk

8) Address immediate and urgent needs.

9) Make sure you have the migrant’s prior informed written consent.
 During
• Inform vulnerable migrants, including presumed VoTs, about their
rights.
• Encourage communication with migrants at all stages of the data
collection.
• Explain bureaucratic terms if using any.
• Apply equal standards by given at the same time due to
consideration to gender, cultural & age sensitivity.
• Respect the confidentiality of personal data.
• Uphold the right to withdraw consent at any stage of the interview.
During
1) Introduce the interview
o Explain what will you do with the information.
o Explain that the more information that can be provided, the better you may
be able to help.
o Explain that if you are not able to provide assistance, you will try to help and
identify someone who can.
o Ascertain that the individual has clearly understood all of what has been
explained.
o Ask the individual if they have any questions at this stage.
o Inform the individual that all answers will be kept strictly confidential-unless
migrant consents otherwise (e.g. referral).
During
2) Be a good listener
o Don’t talk too much.
o Need to gather crucial information to make key decisions.
o Focus on what is being said and how it is being said.
o Ask migrant to clarify or repeat anything that is unclear.
o Take time to answer questions and may take a break at any time if
necessary.
o Avoid saying “I understand”.
o Non-verbal responses are often best (nodding head) or brief verbal
responses (I see), are often best.
 During
3) Use a language that is easy to understand
o Avoid technical language
4) Professional attitude
o Non-intimidating
o Patient
o Culturally and gender sensitive
o Non-judgmental
o Non-stigmatising
o Not too personally engaged
o No promises you can’t keep
 During
5) Be prepared to handle coping mechanisms

6) Dedicate enough time to the wrap-up

o Explain next steps
Coping mechanisms
Anger

• Common reaction.

• Remain calm and confident. Ask for help if needed.

• As long as the person is not a risk to him/herself or you, allow them to continue
expressing their anger as necessary.

• Avoid using the phrase “I understand.” Use non-verbal responses (nodding head)
or minimal verbal responses (I see).
Coping mechanisms
Crying

• Crying can be a sign of stress and trauma, it can also be a healthy and positive indicator of
healing.

• Some methods for handling crying:

o Letting the person cry and try to be as patient and helpful as possible.
o Offer a tissue or something to drink.
o If appropriate (contextually and culturally), physical contact (on their shoulder, hands) may be used to
show that you are sympathizing with them and that they are safe.
o Explain that they are not alone and you are there to help.
o Try to explain that in order to help them, you need to get information.

• Tell the person that you can wait until they are calmer and ready to talk.
Interview techniques for children
Characteristics of children and adolescents
1) Children and adolescents are not small adults

• Structural differences.

• They are not missing information or knowledge.

• Act, think and feel the way they can

Cannot change this through will, concentration or effort.

• Adolescents, even if they look like adults, are not adults.

Characteristics of children and adolescents

2) Emotions prevail over reason

• They cannot control emotions and this affect the way they think and
act.

• Cannot detach themselves of what they are feeling.

• Adults are able to see situations in a more rational and complex way.
Characteristics of children and adolescents
3) Concrete and egocentric thinking

• Concrete: Anchored in what they see and control. Needs concrete

references, no abstractions. Usually based in experiences.

• Egocentric: Inability to see a situation from another person's point of

view.
Characteristics of children and adolescents
4) Level of comprehension is not necessarily linked to
biological age

• Information, experience, surroundings, social and culture

expectations all have an impact.
• Each child is different.
Characteristics of adolescents
• Need to rebuild their identity.

• Need to separate and differentiate from their significant adults.

• Paradox:

o Must show they are unique and different from his or her significant adults.
o Feel weak and vulnerable because identity is vague.
Characteristics of adolescents
• A quest for independence.

• At the same time, the need to have a ‘basis’ (significant adults)

Without a significant adult they can be in a permanent state of anxiety, vulnerability

and fear.

• The need for confirmation from their peers.

Particularly vulnerable to recruitment by exploitation networks.

Characteristics of adolescents
• Harder to identify needs and vulnerabilities of adolescents.

o Might look like adults

o Might say they do not need assistance

• We have to look beyond what they say

Defense mechanisms
Regression
• Person places himself in a former developmental stage in which he or
she felt safe and protected.
• Children and adolescents in stressful situations will likely function at
level below their age.
• Adolescents can look like adults but function-from a cognitive
perspective-at a level closer to childhood.
Defense mechanisms
Omnipotence
• Transforming fragility into omnipotence (all powerful).
• Appear to be strong; but in reality they can feel insecure and weak.
• “I do not need you”; ” I do not need anything”; ” I can do it by
myself”; “I do not want any help”.
• They feel vulnerable and need help, but don’t want to show
weakness.
PLEASE NOTE:

It is our job as adults to know and adapt to

children and adolescents, and not the other way
around.
Before the interview

Step 1: Determine the location and duration of the interview

Step 2: Observe the child
Before the interview
Step 1: Determine the location and duration of the interview

A) Physical setting (controllable ahead of time)

• Comfortable
• Non threatening environment
• Privacy (but make sure you avoid isolation)

B) Duration
• Ideal: about 45 minutes.
• Need time to build trust.
Before the interview
Step 2: Observe the child

A) Physical conditions
• Severe wounds, injuries, bruises?
• Difficulties walking?
• Looks tired?
• Visibly drowsy?
• Does he need emergency medical assistance?
• Inappropriate clothes for weather?
• Are the minimum conditions to undertake an interview present?
Before the interview
Step 2: Observe the child
B) Behaviour

• Isolated even if surrounded by people his/her age?

• Alert and worried or afraid about what is happening around him or her?
• Moves too much to attract attention?
• In general, what do his or her position or movements communicate?
 Before the interview
Step 2: Observe the child
C) Determination of approximate age

• If 10 years or under, the interview will require specific techniques and materials.

D) Is special treatment needed?

• Gender considerations
• Disability
During the interview

Step 1: How to start the interview

Step 2:The interview-informing before asking technique
Step 3: Wrapping up the interview
During the interview
Step 1: How to start the interview

A) Introduce yourself

B) Explain you have helped others in his/her situation

C) Explain how the interview will take place and what it is for
During the interview
Step 2:The interview-informing before asking

• Having a conversation

o Adult offers information first

o Uses a concrete situation and experiences of others as a
framework for the conversation.

Prevents the intervention from seeming like an interrogation.

Prevents the triggering of fear and anxiety.
During the interview
Step 2:The interview-informing before asking

• The migration journey can be used as the concrete situation for the
interview.
• It turns into a chat about the journey.
• The official can share information about the journey of other children
he/she has assisted.
• Materials such as maps and drawings can be helpful.

• Remember: The ultimate objective of interview is to identify

protection and assistance needs.
During the interview
Step 2:The interview-informing before asking

Personal data

• Use story telling, drawing or map to collect personal data

o Name
o Father and mother names
o Country or Region of origin
During the interview
Step 2:The interview-informing before asking

Incidents of violence, exploitation and abuse

• I know that there are things, which are difficult to talk about
• I will not ask you about this if you do not want me to, but I have to tell you that if
you have any pain in your body, or if you are hurt, it is important that you tell me
so that I can request treatment for you.
• Some children/adolescents, whom I have talked with before, told me that there
are people on the way, who help. Was there someone in your story, who helped
you? ... Do you think that there was someone, who made things more
complicated instead of helping?
• If something happened to you and you do not want it to happen again, and you
would like to have something, you can tell me if you want to. If you tell me what
to do, I can see what can be done. I will do all that is in my power.
During the interview
Step 2:The interview-informing before asking

Solutions and informed opinion

• Lay down all potential outcomes and corresponding consequences

• Make sure the child understands well
• Don’t hesitate to ask the child’s thoughts and wishes
During the interview
Step 3: Wrapping up the interview
• Thank the child for sharing their story.
• Communicate messages that help counteract feelings of failure, helplessness and
anxiety.
• “Now I know more about how courageous you are”
• “I understand that many things happened for you to be here now”
• “I also know what you would like to happen”
• Explain what will happen next:
• “You will now be taken to a shelter where there are other adolescents like you
that have made the long journeys”
General tips for the interview
• Need-to-know basis. Sharing certain details can be revictimizing and detrimental
to the child.
• Avoid physical touch-might be intrusive and will result in rejection and fear.
• If possible, offer objects that children/adolescents can use to handle and play
with during the interview to channel some anxiety (e.g. rubber ball, play dough,
even puzzles).
• Not necessary for child/adolescent to look at us or be still to be paying attention.
Things to avoid
Staring questions with “why”
Saying “don’t be afraid”
Saying “all is well”
It requires them to think using causality and that he
or she takes into account multiple abstract variables
to build an explanation. It is not adequate for
childhood thinking, which is concrete and
egocentric.
It discredits what they feel. If they are afraid, they
can’t control it by themselves. They need external
help to minimise it, adequate information and care.
It discredits their emotions. If they feel tired,
frustrated and afraid they need confirmation that
what they feel is normal and expected.
Role play
• Break up into 3 groups of 5
• Each group will have one assigned case
In 30 minutes
• Set up the role play exercise. Select a team member to act as a government official and another team
member to act as a migrant.
• Decide how you are going to set up the interview space and identify any tools you will need for the
interview.
• Make up 4-6 key questions using the informing by asking technique. The questions should aim to get key
information from the child/adolescent.
In 10 minutes
• Act out the role play in plenary.
 Module 5. CASE
MANAGEMETN APPROACH
FOR VOTS AND MIGRANTS IN
VULNERABLE SITUATION
 Session 1: Case management approach to migration

Session Overview

• Provide an overview of the Principles of assistance;

• Introduce a case management approach to assistance to Victims of trafficking
Session 1: Case management and principles of assistance

Learning Define case management approach to victim assistance

Objectives
Outline the principles of assistance that guides their
interventions regarding VoTs and vulnerable migrants;
Describe the different steps of case management based
on Ethiopia's NRM SoP
Explain Best Interest assessment and determination for
Children
Activity: Plenary discussion

• How do apply case management approach in your assistance to VoTs

and Vulnerable groups?
• What are the principles of case management?
All assistance provided to migrants vulnerable to violence, exploitation, and abuse should follow these principles:

RIGHTS-BASED APPROACH CONTINUUM OF ASSISTANCE

DO NO HARM INFORMED CONSENT

NON-DISCRIMINATION BARRIER FREE ACCESS

SELF-DITERMINATION AND PARTICIPATION CONFIDENTIALITY, PRIVACY AND PROTECTION OF

DATA
INDIVIDUAL ASSISTANCE
GENDER-SENSITIVITY
ACCOUNTABILITY
CHILD-CENTERED ASSISTANCE
Activity: Plenary discussion

• What are the principles of case management?

Activity: Group work

• Divide the participants into 5 groups

• Prepare and distribute to the participants an empty smart chart representing the
cycle of case management on a sheet of paper.
• Provide the different steps of the case management process for participants to fill
in the empty chart.
 What is case management?

Case Case management

• person or a group of • the process of addressing
persons whom a given the issues/problems of a
entity (NGO, governmental specific target group
authority, MRC or IOM) is
assisting
 Case management targets…
 Individual migrants…
 adult(male/female), children (accompanied/unaccompanied)

who meet eligibility criteria for the service…

 categories of beneficiaries

to address a range of issues

 protection, shelter, medical, legal, etc.
 
 
 WHY DO WE DO CASE MANAGEMENT?

 
Identification
 So that cases are handled in an of migrants in
need
appropriate, systematic, timely
and coordinated way
Provision of
age/culturally/gender
sensitive appropriate
information

Provision of
effective multisector
& child-friendly
responses from
relevant services
providers
Case management approach
Protection

Shelter and

o Complex and multiple needs from a Access to justice

accommodation,
water, sanitation,
and hygiene, and

range of services
food and nutrition

o Collaboration between Case manager

multidisciplinary actors Family tracing,

assessments, and
reunification
Vulnerable migrant Personal safety
and security

(governmental, IOs, UN agencies,

NGOs, civil society)

o Migrant-centered: migrant as Livelihoods,

employment, and
Health and
wellbeing
income generation
central to decision making
Education and
training
Case management principles
 Non-discrimination
 Do no harm
 Right-based approach
 Prioritise the best interest of the child when dealing with children
 Data protection
 Tailored assistance
 Barrier free access
 Cultural and gender sensitivity
 Coordinate & collaborate
 Informed consent
 Respect confidentiality
 Adhere to ethical standards (maintain professional boundaries)
The National Case Management System
for Child Protection (NCMS)
Beneficiaries:

 children at risk (children of concern), including those who experienced

or are at risk of trafficking, children on the move, including those who
are unaccompanied or separated

Objectives:

 strengthen the national child protection system

 creating better coordination and linkages vertically (across the State’s
structure) and horizontally among government sectors and between
the latter and non-governmental actors and community-based
organisations (CBO)
The process of case management
Development of an
Identification & Individual
individual case plan
registration of assessment of
addressing the
vulnerable migrants needs
needs identified.

Implementation of
the case plan Follow-up and
Case closure
through direct review
support & referrals
1- Identification & registration
• Informed consent from the
person or guardian of the
migrant (children).
2- Assessment &
screening of vulnerabilities
• Evaluation of the migrant’s situation
 vulnerabilities, risks, harm factors, but also
protective influences, strength, the resilience of
migrants.
• Address immediate risk and needs
before a comprehensive assessment
3-Care planning
• What should happen? (i.e., to
meet identified immediate,
short, medium and long-term
needs)
• Who should do it? Other
agencies and services providers
• When and where should they
be done?
 participation of the beneficiary
(the child)
 The best interest of the child
4-Implementing the case plan
• direct support and services and/or
referral to external service
providers with the consent of the
beneficiary or the guardian of the
child or the assent of the child.
 
 For children,
 best interest assessment (BIA),
 best interest determination (BID)
 Best interest assessment (BIA)
• BIA is a vulnerability assessment tool for protection of individual children.
   
• Carried out by competent child protection services (social workers MOLSA or MOWCYA)
 
• BIA can be conducted to make, among other things, the following decisions:

 Place a child in accommodation and decide on immediate care arrangements;

 Determine whether tracing of the child’s family would be in the child’s best interests and not put
the child or family at risk;
 Provide a child with health, educational or recreational services;
 Decide whether a formal BID is needed;
 Collect the information needed for a BID.
 
 Best interest determination (BID)
• When a child needs a more sustainable solution, a BID can be conducted usually by
State authorities

• To addresses key questions such as:

 Where it is in the child’s best interest to live?

 With whom?
 Who is best placed to have parental and/or legal responsibility for the child in the future?
 How does the child feel about the options identified and proposed?
 What resources will have to be deployed and what services provided to sustain the solution
recommended in the BID?
 
In the Ethiopian context, a BID can be
conducted with regards to: Criteria for determining best interest
 
• Alternative care arrangements  Safe environment

• Separation of a child from his/her  Family and close relationships

parents against the parents will
 Identity rights and development rights
• Assisted voluntary return with regard to
foreign UASC  Active consideration of the child’s views
 
5-Follow-up and review 6- Case closure

• When the identified needs have been

 Are the objectives being met? addressed successfully and the issues
 Does the plan remain relevant? have been resolved accordingly.
 
 If not, how to adjust it?
• When the beneficiaries can sustain
themselves and work towards the
resolution of those issues.
 
 
 Possibility to transfer the case
 Criteria for case closure should be
developed and approved by a
manager/supervisor.
Activity: Gallery walk

• Based on the previous group exercise, let groups walk around the cycle of case
management prepared on a sheet of paper and posted.
• Participants will compare group works with the lecture and make necessary corrections
as needed.
• Finally, the facilitator will ask participants how they will apply the principles of
assistance and the case management approach during service provision to VoTs and
other vulnerable migrants.
 
 

 
Module 6. CARE TO VICTIMS OF
TRAFFICKING AND MIGRANTS
IN VULNERABLE SITUATION
Session 2: Possible responses to address migrant’s vulnerability

Session overview Session learning objectives

• Individual, household, • Differentiate the range of

Community and structural responses and programmes
level responses that could be implemented at
the individual and household
level
Activity: Think Pair Share

1. What kind of response do exist in Ethiopia at different (Individual, HH,

Community and Structural) level? Who is doing what?
2. What are the challenges to respond at the above 4 levels of response?
3. What should be done to improve the response?
IOM protection and assistance to vulnerable migrants’
framework

Immediate, Individual, Can be applied:

medium-term Household, before, during
and long-term community and and after
solutions at structural level migration
 Type of Assistance at Individual and HH Level
1. Shelter and accommodation
2. Food and nutrition
3. Water, sanitation and hygiene
4. Personal safety and security
5. Health
6. Education and training
7. Family training and reunification
8. Legal support
9. Return and reintegration
10. Livelihood
 1. Shelter and Accommodation

• To ensure safety, security and general well-being

• Temporary shelter/Centers - MRC, TC, Emergency
evacuation centers
• Institutional shelters (AGAR, Good Samaritan Association,
OPRIFS, AWSAD, …)
 Protective Factor - the role of migrant communities in the
provision of shelter
For instance,

• The Ethiopian community Association in Sudan operate a

safe house for vulnerable Ethiopian migrants .
• Funded by community members (members fee) and
Ethiopian Embassy and IOM (food)
 2. Food and Nutrition

Specialized assistance for:

- Pregnant and breastfeeding women, children, elderly and

malnourished children

- Vulnerable migrants should be consulted on available

choices, types and amounts of food
 3. Water, sanitation and hygiene

• Sufficient and available for drinking, cooking, cleaning, and

personal hygiene
• Access to clean drinking water
• Toileting and washing facilities need to be sufficient and
appropriate to age, gender, and culture
• Waste management
 4. Personal safety and security
• Vulnerable migrants and their families face considerable
risks to their safety and security (Smugglers/traffickers)
• Contextual security assessment (physical, security,
transportation,…)
Actions
• Identify all risks and take action, provide emergency
contact information
What is health?
 5. Health

• A state of complete physical, mental and social well-

being and not the merely absence of disease or injury
• Provide health support regardless of their immigration
status and without discrimination
 Types of health risks & potential health-related
consequence
Risks
- Physical Violence and abuse
- Psychological abuse ( threat)
- Sexual violence and abuse

Consequence
- Sexually transmitted infections
- Isolation and suicidal attempt
- Substance abuse
- Mental health problems
 Response to health problems

Holistic approach:

- Physical health
- Mental health and psychosocial well-being
- Sexual and reproductive health (Pregnancy test )
con’d …

Multi-layered and complementary health response

- Specialized services: Psychiatric care

- Family supports: Family reunification
- Services and security: Shelter, information, health, …
 6. Education and training

- To meets both their own personal aspirations and that can

help for future livelihood generation( formal school, business
skill, life skill, entrepreneurship, …)
 7. Family Tracing, assessment and reunification
- Coordinate with relevant authority/partners
- Risk assessment and mitigation measure
- Establishing of communication
- Reunify (travel arrangements)
- Follow-up
 8. Legal support
Initial assessment of legal needs  if needs are identified 
referral for legal support
- Regularize migration status
- Report a crime ( TiP,…)
- Legal aid and advice ( for a victim and witness)
- Legal representation if they have been accused
 9. Return and Reintegration
- Voluntary
- Risk assessment (subjected to torture, harm, and violence)
- Pre-departure assistance (medical, contact with family,
information, travel)
Reintegration requires:
- Vulnerability assessment ( risk and protection factors at
origin)
- Addressing the initial drivers of migration(otherwise
remigration)
- Collaboration – GoV and non GoV actors
 10. Livelihood

Consider two things:

1. Contextual barriers ( local law, levels of poverty,

unemployment, discrimination)

2. Vulnerable migrant’s plan

- Map available livelihood options, cash based intervention, in-

kind intervention
Con’d …

Assess
1. Human capital : academic and technical qualification

2. Social capital : speaks local language, connected to

members of the community of origin

3. Financial capital : access to savings and credit

4. Physical capital : affordable transpiration to work location (or

owns tools,…)
 Community and structural level responses

Community level:
- Reduce marginalization
- Community development
- Improvements in availability and access to services
- Adequate employment opportunities
Structural level response:

- Enhance rule of law

- Uphold human rights
- Equitable development
- Address climate change and environmental degradation
- Strengthen migration management and opportunities for safe
and regular migration
 Group Work

Divide the participants in groups:

Each group will work on a specific case study to develop a

protection and assistance plan for the concerned migrant in
the given case keeping in mind the DoMV model and a right-
based approach.

- What kind of response needed and why? How we respond?

Who needs to be engaged?
Module 7. THE NATIONAL
REFERRAL MECHANISM OF
ETHIOPIA
 Session overview

• The National Referral Mechanism

• The steps in the provision of assistance (SOP on
the NRM)
 Referral approach to migration

Session learning objectives:

• Describe the steps in the provision of assistance
as laid down in the SOP pertaining to the NRM
• Provide Inputs for the operationalization of the
NRM SoP and directives
Think Pair Share (10 Minutes)

• Why are referral mechanisms necessary?

• What are the different types of referral?

Referral mechanism
• It is as a process of cooperation between multiple
stakeholders to provide protection and assistance services
to vulnerable migrants.

• It generally include identification of vulnerable migrants,

status or case-type determination, case management and
the provision of protection and assistance services.
Generally, Referral Includes
Referral Referral

Identification Case
of Vulnerable Management
Migrants
Status/ Case Protection
type and
determination assistance

Referral
 Referral

Underpinned
by

MoU SoPs
Different Types of RM

Local Level National Transnational

 NRM Coordinator

NRM Round
MOLSA, MFA, MOH, MOWCYA, UN agencies, INGOS,
LNGOs CCRDA

Rehabilitatio
Rescue Return Reintegration
n
NRM
• Decentralised branch at the level of the ten regional states and two
city administrations of the country.
• The regional states’ Partnership Coalitions will assign regional NRM
coordinators :
o work closely with the national NRM coordinator
o ensure the woreda and zonal level assign respective coordinators
• Screening and referral forms (internal purpose)
• Directory of service providers at the federal and local level
 Steps in the provision of assistance (NRM)

INITIAL CONTACT (WITHIN 24 HOURS)

• Frontline workers, consular staff or international agencies, community

members
• Registration migrants using form upon the written consent of the
beneficiary
• Identify generic needs to address emergency needs
• The services provided need to be documented for inclusion in the individual
reintegration plans for returnees
• Referral subject to the migrant’s consent (initial referral form)
 Steps in the provision of assistance (NRM)

INITIAL CONTACT (WITHIN 24 HOURS)

o A specific referral for UASC: the FTR process led by

MOWCYA, UNICEF and IOM.
o Referral to law enforcement (a sign of abuse)
o Medical referral
o Migrants intercepted at the borders: Emergency Migrant
Response Centre (EMRC).
IMMEDIATE RESPONSE (BY FIRST RESPONDERS)

• Identify if there are indicators to presume the individual is a

VoT
o If there are signs of trafficking, the first responder
(police/local shelters): provide information about rights
• Make a documented early risk and needs assessment that are
kept confidential
• Take appropriate security measures to manage the identified
risks effectively
• Provide or refer to VoTs specialised and non-specialised
services
• Grant one week of recovery or reflection period
SCREENING AND IDENTIFICATION OF NEEDS

• Formal identification as a VoT using a VoT screening form

• If not done by the first responder, referral of the presumed
VOT to a competent organisation
• Before referral, information to the first responder and other
organisations involved in the previous assistance process
 When VoT: information on the next steps and about
his/her rights
 When a victim of violence, exploitation or abuse: referral
to other non-specialised care
REHABILITATION

• Elaboration of an individual rehabilitation and reintegration plan

tailored to needs and age.
 Temporary shelter and other safe house accommodation
(AGAR e.g.).
 Medical care and psychosocial support

• Various considerations:
 Risks and needs assessment (re-trafficking)
 An elaborated assistance plan addressing the identified risks
and needs.
REINTEGRATION

• Done based on previous needs and risks assessment

• The reintegration plan needs to take into account:
 individual needs and
 addresses the various factors impacting the person’s
reintegration (economic, social and psychosocial at the
individual, household, community and structural level
(reintegration form).

• Reintegration assistance package: medical care, PSS, legal

assistance, vocational training, etc.
MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• Organisations and structures as one-stop shop service at

the kebele’s and woreda level close to the residence of
the beneficiary
• Regular checks of the situation of the returnee (needs
and security).
• The gaps identified during the monitoring process should
be addressed in the review process of the reintegration
plan.
Activity: Case Studies

 Now, participants will complete the