Machines

BY SAMARTH
SWAROOP
What is machine?

A piece of equipment with moving parts that is designed to do a particular

job. A machine usually needs electricity, gas, steam, etc. in order to work.
Types of machines

Machines come in two kinds —

1. Simple Machines
2. Complex Machines.
Simple Machine

Simple machine is a mechanical device that

changes the direction or magnitude of a force.
In general, they can be defined as the simplest
mechanisms that use mechanical advantage to
multiply force.
Types of Simple Machines

There are six types of simple machines :-

• Lever
• Pulley
• Wedge
• Screw
• Wheel and axle
• Inclined plane
Lever

A lever is a simple machine consisting of a beam or

rigid rod pivoted at a fixed hinge, or fulcrum. A
lever is a rigid body capable of rotating on a point
on itself. On the basis of the locations of fulcrum,
load and effort, the lever is divided into three types.
Examples – scissors , staplers
Types of levers

There are three types of levers :-

• First order lever (LFE)
Second order lever (ELF)
• Third order lever (FEL)
First order lever (LFE)

First-order levers are mechanisms with the

fulcrum placed between the input force and
the output force.
Examples – scissors , claw hammer etc
Second order lever (ELF)

Second-order levers are mechanisms

which feature the input force and output
force on the same side of the fulcrum,
with the input force furthest from the
fulcrum.
Examples – wheel barrow , nut cracker
Third order lever (FEL)

A third order lever is the one which has its

effort between the fulcrum and the load.
Examples – tweezer , tong etc
Pulley

A pulley is a simple machine that can change the

magnitude and direction of an applied force in the
process of doing work. It consists of a cable which
is attached to a wheel and axle, and is often used to
lift/transport objects.
Examples – fagpole , elevator etc
Types of pulley

There are two types of pulley :-

• Fixed pulley
• Movable pulley
Fixed pulley

If the axis around which a pulley rotates is

fixed, the pulley is said to be a fixed pulley.
Movable pulley

A movable pulley is a pulley that is free to move

up and down, and is attached to a ceiling or other
object by two lengths of the same rope.
Wedge

A wedge is a triangular shaped tool, a portable

inclined plane, and one of the six simple machines.
It can be used to separate two objects or portions of
an object, lift up an object, or hold an object in
place.
Examples – knife , axe etc
Screw

A thin pointed piece of metal used for

fixing two things, for example pieces of
wood, together. You turn a screw with a
special tool.
Examples – screwdriver , drill etc
Wheel and Axle

The wheel and axle is a simple machine

consisting of a wheel attached to a smaller
axle so that these two parts rotate together in
which a force is transferred from one to the
other.
Examples – screw jack , staring
Inclined Plane

Inclined plane, simple machine consisting of a

sloping surface, used for raising heavy bodies.
The force required to move an object up the
incline is less than the weight being raised,
discounting friction. The steeper the slope, or
incline, the more nearly the required force
approaches the actual weight.
Complex Machines

A machine with few or no moving parts

that is used to make work easier. A machine
that is a combination of two or more simple
machines.
Example: Car, refrigerator, sewing machine
etc.
Importance of machines

Machines can carry out our tasks in a faster, quicker, and

more efficient way.
Law of machine

The machine law describes the relationship between the load lifted
(W) and the effort applied (P). The machine law is the relationship
between the load lifted (W) and the effort applied (P).
Gratitude

• I express my gratitude to these machines as they help in

emergencies.
• I express my gratitude to these machines as they reduce our
efforts.
Key Words

Fulcrum (F) – The point at which a bar, or something that is

balancing, is supported or balance.
Effort (E) – The force applied on a machine in order to overcome
the load is known as effort.
Load (L) - The resistive force which is lifted by using effort is
known as load.
Thank you