Constructing canonical LR(0) item sets

• Augmented grammar:
• G with addition of a production: S’->S
• Closure of item sets:
• If I is a set of items, closure(I) is a set of items constructed from I by the following
rules:
• Add every item in I to closure(I)
• If A->α.Bβ is in closure(I) and B->γ is a production then add the item B->.γ to
clsoure(I).
• Example:
I0=closure({[E’->.E]}
E’->E E’->.E
E -> E + T | T E->.E+T
T -> T * F | F E->.T
T->.T*F
F -> (E) | id T->.F
F->.(E)
F->.id
Constructing canonical LR(0) item sets
(cont.)
• Goto (I,X) where I is an item set and X is a grammar
symbol is closure of set of all items [A-> αX. β] where
[A-> α.X β] is in I
• Example I1
E’->E.
E E->E.+T
I0=closure({[E’->.E]}
E’->.E I2
E->.E+T T
E’->T.
E->.T T->T.*F
T->.T*F I4
T->.F ( F->(.E)
F->.(E) E->.E+T
E->.T
F->.id T->.T*F
T->.F
F->.(E)
F->.id
Closure algorithm
SetOfItems CLOSURE(I) {
J=I;
repeat
for (each item A-> α.Bβ in J)
for (each prodcution B->γ of G)
if (B->.γ is not in J)
add B->.γ to J;
until no more items are added to J on one round;
return J;
GOTO algorithm
SetOfItems GOTO(I,X) {
J=empty;
if (A-> α.X β is in I)
add CLOSURE(A-> αX. β ) to J;
return J;
}
 E’->E

Example acc
E -> E + T | T
T -> T * F | F
F -> (E) | id
$ I6 I9
E->E+.T
I1 T->.T*F T
E’->E. + T->.F
E->E+T.
T->T.*F
E E->E.+T
F->.(E)
F->.id
I0=closure({[E’->.E]} I2
E’->.E T *
I7
F I10
E->.E+T E’->T. T->T*.F
F->.(E) T->T*F.
E->.T T->T.*F id F->.id
T->.T*F id
T->.F I5
F->.(E)
F->.id ( F->id. +
I4
F->(.E)
I8 I11
E->.E+T
E->.T
E E->E.+T )
T->.T*F F->(E.) F->(E).
T->.F
F->.(E)
F->.id

I3
T>F.
LR parsing algorithm
let a be the first symbol of w$;
while(1) { /*repeat forever */
let s be the state on top of the stack;
if (ACTION[s,a] = shift t) {
push t onto the stack;
let a be the next input symbol;
} else if (ACTION[s,a] = reduce A->β) {
pop |β| symbols of the stack;
let state t now be on top of the stack;
push GOTO[t,A] onto the stack;
output the production A->β;
} else if (ACTION[s,a]=accept) break; /* parsing is done */
else call error-recovery routine;
}
 Example (0) E’->E
(1) E -> E + T
STATE ACTON GOTO
(2) E-> T
(3) T -> T * F
id + * ( ) $ E T F (4) T-> F
0 S5 S4 1 2 3 (5) F -> (E) id*id+id?
1 S6 Acc
(6) F->id
Line Stac Symbol Input Action
2 R2 S7 R2 R2 k s
3 R R7 R4 R4 (1) 0 id*id+id$ Shift to 5
4
(2) 05 id *id+id$ Reduce by F->id
4 S5 S4 8 2 3
(3) 03 F *id+id$ Reduce by T->F
5 R R R6 R6
6 6 (4) 02 T *id+id$ Shift to 7
(5) 027 T* id+id$ Shift to 5
6 S5 S4 9 3
(6) 0275 T*id +id$ Reduce by F->id
7 S5 S4 10
(7) 02710 T*F +id$ Reduce by T-
8 S6 S11 >T*F

9 R1 S7 R1 R1 (8) 02 T +id$ Reduce by E->T

(9) 01 E +id$ Shift
10 R3 R3 R3 R3
(10) 016 E+ id$ Shift
11 R5 R5 R5 R5
(11) 0165 E+id $ Reduce by F->id
(12) 0163 E+F $ Reduce by T->F
(13) 0169 E+T` $ Reduce by E-
>E+T

(14) 01 E $ accept
Use of LR(0) automaton
• Example: id*id
Line Stack Symbols Input Action
(1) 0 $ id*id$ Shift to 5
(2) 05 $id *id$ Reduce by F->id
(3) 03 $F *id$ Reduce by T->F
(4) 02 $T *id$ Shift to 7
(5) 027 $T* id$ Shift to 5
(6) 0275 $T*id $ Reduce by F->id
(7) 02710 $T*F $ Reduce by T->T*F
(8) 02 $T $ Reduce by E->T
(9) 01 $E $ accept
Example grammar which is not SLR(1)
S -> L=R | R
L -> *R | id
R -> L
I0 I1 I3 I5 I7
S’->.S S’->S. S ->R. L -> id. L -> *R.
S -> .L=R
S->.R I2 I4 I6
I8
L -> .*R | S ->L.=R L->*.R S->L=.R
R -> L.
L->.id R ->L. R->.L R->.L
R ->. L L->.*R L->.*R I9
L->.id L->.id S -> L=R.

Action
=
Shift 6
2 Reduce R->L