WELCOME

A. Structure
Crystalline

Intro
Solid

SMJP1062 MATERIALS SCIENCE

CHAPTER 2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
 2
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid

ATOMIC LATTICE STRUCTURE,

STRUCTURE AND CRYSTAL SYSTEM &
BONDINGS
PART A NONCRYSTALLINE
MATERIALS
PART B
 A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro

PART A
ATOMIC

BONDINGS
STRUCTURE AND
 INTRODUCTION
All chemical elements can exist as either

• Solids have a definite shape

SOLID and volume.
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp

Intro
Solid

• Liquids have a definite

LIQUID volume, but take the shape
of the container.

• Gases have no
GAS definite shape or
volume.
 INTRODUCTION
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp

Intro
Solid

Atoms Solid Liquid Gas

Movable Fixed in lattice/ Free to move Free to move
vibrate in position
Order ordered arrangement disorder total disorder

Spacing Close together Close together Far apart

Density High High Low
Expand Hard Hard Easy
Attraction Strong attraction forces
 • Solid state:
- Atoms are arranged closer to each other
 Solidification
- Atoms movement becomes difficult
 only vibrate in position
- Fix position & volume
- Low diffuse rate
A. Structure

- Strong attraction forces between atoms

Cryst &
Amorp

Intro
Solid

• Liquid state:
- Atoms in contact with each other to form bonds
 Condensation
- Limited atoms movement
- Still no orderly arrangement.
- Potential energy released as latent heat.
• Gaseous state:
- Particle in constant motion
- No orderly arrangement
- Particle impact on walls gives rise to potential energy.
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid

Intro
 2 Types of Solid

Amorphous
A. Structure

Crystalline
(Non-crystalline)
Cryst &
Amorp

Intro
Solid
Single Crystal

Polycrystalline
 2 Types of Solid
Crystalline Amorphous
(Non-crystalline)
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp

Intro
Solid
Atomic arrangement orderly manner disorderly manner
Pattern arrangement Regular geometrical No fixed
Atomic distance Small Large
Solidification process Slow cooling Rapid cooling
Possess elasticity Atomic structure
resembles liquid
 Crystalline
A. Structure

Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
Molybdenum sulfide MoS2 monolayer film
A. Structure
Polycrystalline

Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Amorphous (non-
crystalline)
A. Structure

Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
2D structure of a crystalline-amorphous transition in a silicate
sample.
A. Structure
crystalline)
Amorphous (non-

Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Examples
• Crystalline solid
• Metals & their alloys
• -Some polymers
• -Some ceramics
A. Structure

Alloy rim

Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
Metals
• Amorphous solid
- Glass
- Plastic
- Wood ceramics

- Rubber

Glass Plastic Wood Rubber

 Crystalline and Amorphous
structure of SiO2
A. Structure

Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
A. Structure

Periodic Table of Elements

Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Atomic Structure
• In order to understand bonding between atoms, we have to first
understand the internal structure of atom.
• Atomic number (Z) = number of proton in nucleus
• Atomic weight (A) = number of proton + number of neutron.

A. Structure
• Number of proton = number of electron.

Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
• Ex:- Aluminum (Al)

Atomic weight 26.98 13 Atomic Number

27

Al Element symbol
Aluminum Chemical Name
Electronic
[Ne] 3s23p1
configuration

Number of Neutron = Atomic weight – Atomic number

= 27 – 13
= 14
 Electronic configuration
Electron orbit
Nucleus

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
Electron

• Nucleus is surrounded by orbital electron (s). There are:-

- 2 electrons in the first shell.
- 8 electrons in the 2nd shell. An atom's nth electron
- 18 electrons in the 3rd shell. shell can accommodate
- 32 electrons in the 4th shell. 2n2 electrons
• Valence electrons
- electrons that occupy the outmost orbit of an atom
- participate in bonding between atoms
- determine many physical & chemical properties of solids.
 Electronic configuration

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Silicon and Germanium

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
[Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Ne: 1s2 2s2 2p6 Ar: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
 Tin (Sn)

[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 BONDING BETWEEN
ATOMS
The bond can be classified onto 2 types

A. Structure
PRIMARY BONDS SECONDARY

Cryst &
BONDS

Amorp
Intro
Solid
an interatomic bond an interatomic bond
hold the atoms together weak forces hold the
molecules
Force strong & more stable weak & less stable
Known as 1. Ionic bonds Van Der Waals
2. Covalent bonds
3. Metallic bonds
 3 types of primary bonds
are
IONIC BONDS COVALENT BONDS METALLIC BONDS

one (1) or more electrons are produced from sharing of electrons each atoms supplies one (1) or
transferred from one (1) atom to between adjacent atoms more electrons that drift
the other throughout the entire metal

A. Structure
Produce from electrostatics force at least one (1) atom donating one formed in metals & their alloys

Cryst &
between ions of opposite charge (+ electron to be shared with adjacent

Amorp
Intro
-) atom.

Solid
an atom which loses the electron bonding force produced from valence electrons are not tied to
becomes positively charge (cation) attraction between shared electron any particular atoms

an atom which gains the electron free movement of valence

becomes negatively charge (anion) electrons forms “sea of electrons”
or “electron cloud
occur between metallic & sea of electrons acts as “glue” to
nonmetallic elements hold ion cores together
- it is easier for metallic atom to good conductors of electricity &
release its electron(s) to heat in metal
nonmetallic atom
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Ionic bond

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
Sodium Chloride

- Reaction between Na & Cl atoms.

- Na atom will transfer one (1) of its valence electrons to Cl atom.
 Ionic bond

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Covalent bond

Ex: - In CH4 (Methane) molecule

- atom C has 4 valence electrons

A. Structure
Cryst &
- atom H has 1 valence electron

Amorp
Intro
Solid
- 1 atom H can only accept 1 valence
electron form atom C to complete its
orbit.
- 4 valence electrons from atom H needed
to complete orbit of atom C
Sharing of electrons
-Other examples:
Covalence bonds
H2 , Cl2 , SiC
 Covalent bond

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Metallic bond
• formed in metals & their alloys
• atoms arranged closer to each other
• each atoms supplies one (1) or more electrons

A. Structure
that drift throughout the entire metal

Cryst &
Amorp
• valence electrons are not tied to any particular

Intro
Solid
atoms
Electrons drift
• they belong to all atoms
• free movement of valence electrons forms “sea of
electrons” or “electron cloud”
• sea of electrons acts as “glue” to hold ion cores
together.
• free valence electrons in metal.
• good conductors of electricity & heat.
 Metallic bond

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 The Periodic Table

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Polymer
• A polymer is a large molecule (macromolecule) composed of
repeating structural units. These sub-units are typically
connected by covalent chemical bonds
• Natural polymeric materials:-
• shellac,

A. Structure
• amber, and

Cryst &
Amorp
shellac amber

Intro
Solid
natural rubber.

• Synthetic polymers:-
- synthetic rubber,
Polystyrene
- Bakelite,
nylon - neoprene, natural rubber
- nylon (fiber applications)
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene,
- polyethylene, polypropylene,
synthetic rubber
PVC
- polyacrylonitrile,
- PVB, silicone, and many more
 Polymer

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 Polymer

A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro
 A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
PVC-Polyvinyl chloride PTFE-Polytetrafluoroethylene
PP-Polypropylene PVDF-Polyvinylidene fluoride
 Ceramic
• A ceramic is a solid material comprising an
• inorganic compound of metal,
• non-metal or ionic and covalent bonds.

A. Structure
• It prepared by the action of:

Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
• heat and

Solid
• subsequent cooling.
Pyrolytic Boron Nitride (PBN)

• The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from

• highly oriented to semi-crystalline,
• vitrified, and often
• completely amorphous.  (e.g., glasses)
#Vitrified tile is a ceramic tile with very low porosity. It is an
alternative to marble and granite flooring. Vitrified tiles are often
used outdoors due to their water and frost resistance. Ceramics for laboratories
 Ceramic
• Earliest ceramics were pottery.
• Common examples are
• earthenware,
• porcelain, and

A. Structure
• Brick, pipes, floor and roof tiles

Cryst &
earthenware

Amorp
Intro
Solid
• Refractories (a substance that is resistant to heat.):-
- kiln linings, gas fire radiants, steel and glass
making crucibles
porcelain
• Whitewares:-
- tableware, cookware, wall tiles, pottery
products and sanitary ware

Ceramic wall tiles Brick Ceramic kiln

 A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
A low magnification SEM micrograph of an advanced ceramic
material. The properties of ceramics make fracturing an important
inspection method.
 A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Intro
Solid
FESEM MICROGRAPH OF 1 WT.% MN-DOPED ZN2SIO4 BASED GLASS-CERAMIC
A. Structure
Cryst &
Amorp
Solid
Intro