Basic Ships Construction &

stability
Basic requirement:
1. Trade profitable
2. Economics
3. Best possible returns
Preparation for
design:
1. Concept
2. Preliminary
3. Contract design
Ship Construction- Various Types of Ships
• Types of Merchant Ships:
• Mainly three types:
1. Dry Cargo Ships
2. Tankers
3. Livestock & Passenger Ships
Ship Construction- Various Types of Ships
Dry Cargo Ships:

1. General Cargo Ship.

2. Bulk Career.
3. Container Ship.
4. Multipurpose Cargo vessel.
5. Ro-Ro Vessel.
Ship Construction- Various Types of Ships

General Cargo, Bulk Career

&
Multipurpose General Cargo
Ships.
(Similarities & Differences)
Ship Construction- Various Types of Ships

Container Ships
&
Ro-Ro Vessels.
 Ship Construction- Various Types of Ships

• Container Ship- • Dry storage container.

1.  Twenty-feet equivalent unit (TUES)
• Flat rack container.
 2. Forty-feet equivalent unit (FUES)
• Open top container.
• Open side storage container.
• Refrigerated ISO containers.
• ISO Tanks.
• Half height containers.
• Special purpose containers.
Ship Construction
Ship Construction
Tanker Ship: A tanker is a ship
designed to transport or store
liquids or gases in bulk.
Major types of tanker ships include-
1. Oil Tanker,
2. Chemical Tanker, and
3. Gas Carrier.
Tankers also carry commodities such
as vegetable oils, molasses and wine.
Elevation & Plan views of Different types of Ships.
1.General Cargo Vessel
Elevation & Plan views of Different types of Ships.
2. Product Tanker
Elevation & Plan views of Different types of Ships.
3. Container Vessel
 Ship Construction-General Definitions
Double Bottom Tank/DB Tank: A double bottom is a ship hull design and construction method where the bottom
of the ship has two complete layers of watertight hull surface: one outer layer forming the normal hull of the ship
and a second inner hull which is somewhat higher in the ship, which forms a redundant barrier to seawater in case
the outer hull is damaged and leaks.

The space in between the two bottoms is often used as storage tanks for fresh water or ballast water, which is known
as Double Bottom Tank or DB Tank.

***Fuel storage in the double bottom is not allowed for new built ships since 2007, due to MARPOL 73/78.

Fore Peak Tank: The Ballast Tank situated at the Fore most part of the ship. Fore peak tank is the volume enclosed
between the Collision bulkhead, ship's hull plating and the fore peak tank top. This tank is located in the high stress
regions of the ship, hence it is fitted with special strengthening arrangements termed as panting arrangements.

Aft Peak Tank: A tank or compartment located abaft the after most watertight transverse bulkhead above
propeller(s) and rudder which is often used for fresh water or sea water ballast is called Aft Peak tank.

Side/Wing Tanks: The compartments of Double Hull Ships that situated at the sides of the ship in between ship’s
outer side shell and cargo Holds/Tanks.

Deep Tank: A tank rising on the floor of the second bottom of a vessel. The deep tank is bounded by water-tight
bulkheads and is provided with hatches and covers. In some dry cargo vessels, a deep tank is installed for carrying
liquid cargo ,such as vegetable oil.

Heel: A vessel is said to be heeled when it is inclined by an external force, e.g. from waves or the wind.

List: A vessel is said to be Listed when it is inclined by an internal force, e.g. by Cargo or Ballast or other weight.
 Ship Construction-General Definitions
WATER DRAFT: The vertical distance from the keel to the waterline is known as water
draft. It is denoted by “d”.
AIR DRAFT: This is the vertical distance from the waterline to the highest point of the
ship.
This is to be calculated when a ship is required to pass under a bridge which is on the
passage of the ship.
Air draft = Distance between keel to highest point of ship - Water draft.

GRT: Gross Registered Tonnage is the volume of space within the hull and enclosed
space above the deck of a merchant ship which are available for cargo, stores, fuel,
passengers and crew. Description: Gross Registered Tonnages are actually measurements
of cubic capacity.
NRT: Net register tonnage is a ship's cargo volume capacity expressed in "register tons”.
Ballast: Ballast is material that is used to provide stability to a Ship or structure.
Ballast tank:  A Ballast tank is a compartment within a boat, ship or other floating
structure that holds water, which is used as ballast to provide hydrostatic stability for a
vessel, to reduce or control buoyancy.
 Ship’s Principal Dimension & Structural Terminology
1. After Perpendicular:
It is an imaginary line perpendicular/vertical to
the water line and drawn through the point
where the aft side of the Rudder post meets
the Summer Load Line or it is drawn through
the Centre line of Rudder stock.
2. Forward Perpendicular:
It is an imaginary perpendicular/vertical line
drawn through the intersecting point of the
fore edge of the stem and Summer Load Line.
3. Length between Perpendiculars (L.B.P):
The Horizontal distance (measured along the
Summer Load Line) between Forward
Perpendicular and After Perpendicular is called
Length between Perpendiculars (L.B.P)
4. Length Overall (L.O.A):
The distance from the extreme fore point of
the ship to a similar point of the Aft part of the
ship is called the Length Overall (LOA) of the
ship. It the greatest length of the ship.
 Ship Construction-General Definitions
5. Length on Waterline (L.W.L):
It is the horizontal distance between two intersection point of Stem to
Load Water Line and Stern to Load Water Line.
6. Summer Load Line:
It is a line painted on the Ship’s side whose upper edge indicates the
maximum draft/draught of the ship in Summer.
7. Sheer:
Sheer is the term used to describe the longitudinal curvature given to deck.
It is measured in terms of the difference in height of deck at side, at any
given point above the height of Amidships. The Sheer at the FP is usually
twice of the Sheer at the AP and it has zero value at Amidships.
8. Sheer Forward:
It is the Longitudinal curvature at fore part of the ship.
9. Sheer Afterward:
It is the Longitudinal curvature at quarter deck of the ship.
Sheer Forward is usually two times greater than Sheer Afterward.
10. Amidships:
A point mid-way between the forward and After Perpendicular.
 Ship Construction-General Definitions
11. Camber/Round of Beam:
Camber is the term used to describe the curvature or round-up given to the decks in
the transverse direction.
It is measured in terms of the increased height of the beam at centre. It’s standard
value is one-fiftieth of the breadth of a ship.
12. Free Board:
The Free Board is the vertical distance between the Summer Load Line and the upper
surface at the side of the deck to which it is measured.
13. Tumblehome:
The inward curvature of the side shell above the Summer Load Line.
The amidships side shell in the region of the upper deck is curved slightly towards the
centerline, thus reducing the width of the upper deck & decks above tumble home is
created.
14. The Rise of Floor:
The Rise of Floor in a ship is the amount by which the line of the outer bottom plating
rises above the base line at the half breadth line.
15. Breadth/Beam:
Since a Ship’s hull is symmetrical, so the distance of the longitudinal centre line is
breadth, that means the distance between port & starboard side is Breadth.
16. Moulded Beam:
Measured at the midship section is the maximum moulded breadth of the ship.
 Ship Construction-General Definitions
17. Draft/Draught (d):
The vertical height by which a ship is sinking.
18. Moulded Draft:
It is measures from the base line of the ship to the summer load
line at the midship section.
19. Extreme Draft:
Measured from the lowest point of the keel to the summer load
line.
(Draft marks represents Extreme drafts)
20. Depth/Height:
An overall vertical height of the ship through the ship’s side
amidships.
21. Moulded Depth:
Measured from the base line to the heel of the upper deck
beam at the Ship’s side amidships.
22. Extreme Depth:
Depth of vessel at Ship’s side from upper deck to lowest point of
keel.
23. Mean Draft:
It is the average of the Forward Draft and Aft Draft.
24. Well Deck:
The place between the Poop deck and the bridge is called Well
Deck.
Ship Construction-General Definitions
LIGHT DISPLACEMENT/LIGHT SHIP:
When a ship is in light condition that means without cargo, fuel,
lubricating oil, ballast water, fresh water, stores, passengers/
crew and their effects, at that time the amount of water displaced
by the ship is called Lightship Displacement/Light Ship.
Basically it is the weight of steel and machinery and Ship’s fixed
materials.
LOADED DISPLACEMENT:
When a ship is loaded to her summer draft, the amount of water
displaced by her is called the loaded displacement.
DEADWEIGHT:
The difference between loaded & light displacement is known as
Deadweight. Deadweight means weight of cargo, fuel, fresh
water, ballast water, stores, passengers/ crew and their effects.
∴ Deadweight = Loaded displacement - Light displacement
Ship Construction-System of Framing
Ship Construction
Ship Construction- Load Line Mark
Ship Construction- Load Line Mark
Ship Construction
by • Ship’s Dimensions & form
Capt. G.A.M. Ali Reza Part-1
Chapter-1 Contents:
Ship Dimensions & Form 1. Various Types of Ships.
2. General arrangements of different
ships.
3. Elevation & Plan views of
Different types of Ships.
4. Principal Dimension & Structural
Terminology.