IGCSE CHEMISTRY

SECTION 4 LESSON 3
 Content

The iGCSE
Section 1 Principles of Chemistry
Chemistry
Section 2 Chemistry of the Elements
course
Section 3 Organic Chemistry

Section 4 Physical Chemistry

Section 5 Chemistry in Society

 Content

Section 4
a) Acids, alkalis and salts
b) Energetics
Physical c) Rates of reaction
Chemistry d) Equilibria
 c) Rates of reaction
Lesson 3
4.17 describe experiments to investigate the effects of
changes in surface area of a solid, concentration of
c) Rates of solutions, temperature and the use of a catalyst on the
reaction rate of a reaction
4.18 describe the effects of changes in surface area of a
solid, concentration of solutions, pressure of gases,
temperature and the use of a catalyst on the rate of a
reaction
4.19 understand the term activation energy and
represent it on a reaction profile
4.20 explain the effects of changes in surface area of a
solid, concentration of solutions, pressure of gases and
temperature on the rate of a reaction in terms of particle
collision theory
4.21 explain that a catalyst speeds up a reaction by
providing an alternative pathway with lower activation
energy.
 Rates of Reaction

The rate of reaction

is the rate at which
products are formed,
or the rate at which
reactions are used up,
in a reaction.
 Rates of Reaction

Chemical
reactions will only
occur when the
reacting particles
collide with each
other with
sufficient energy
so they react.
 Rates of Reaction

Chemical The
reactions will only ACTIVATION
occur when the ENERGY is the
reacting particles minimum amount
collide with each of energy
other with required to cause
sufficient energy the reaction to
so they react. happen.
 Rates of Reaction

Chemical The
reactions will only ACTIVATION
occur when the ENERGY is the
reacting particles minimum amount
collide with each of energy
other with required to cause
sufficient energy the reaction to
so they react. happen.

There are FIVE very important factors

which can affect the rate of reaction.
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction
Let’s not forget
here a little
dose of kinetic
theory
 Rates of Reaction
Let’s not forget
here a little
dose of kinetic
theory

Kinetic
what?
Rates of Reaction

Kinetic theory
is all about the
random
movement of
particles
Rates of Reaction

Kinetic theory
is all about the
random
movement of
particles
Rates of Reaction
Kinetic theory assumes
that particles are in
constant random motion

Kinetic theory
is all about the
random
movement of
particles
 Rates of Reaction
Kinetic theory assumes
that particles are in
constant random motion

Kinetic theory

!
is all about the
random
movement of
particles
And there will be collisions!
 Rates of Reaction
Kinetic theory assumes
that particles are in
constant random motion

Kinetic theory

!
is all about the
random
movement of
particles
And there will be collisions!

It’s these collisions that are the

cause of chemical reactions.
Rates of Reaction

Do you remember
the five factors
that can affect
the rate of
chemical
reactions?
Rates of Reaction
Rates of Reaction

Let’s now
consider each
one of these
factors in turn
Rates of Reaction
1. Temperature of the Reactants
 Rates of Reaction
1. Temperature of the Reactants

Cold conditions,
particles have little
energy, move slowly
and collide
infrequently and less
successfully
 Rates of Reaction
1. Temperature of the Reactants

HEAT

Cold conditions,
particles have little
energy, move slowly
and collide
infrequently and less
successfully
High temperature
When heated,
particles have more
energy, move faster,
collide frequently
and more
successfully
 Rates of Reaction
1. Temperature of the Reactants

m ove
ic l es are
ar t io ns
= p lli s
HEAT r e c o tion

High temperature
u
at ently , e ac
pe r u f r
te m re q t e o
h e e f r a
i n g t
ol l id o the !
c
Rais r and l and s reases
a steconditions,
Cold ss fu inc When heated,
fparticlescchave
e little
s u particles have more
energy, move slowly energy, move faster,
and collide collide frequently
infrequently and less and more
successfully successfully
Rates of Reaction
2. Concentration of the Dissolved
Reactants
 Rates of Reaction
2. Concentration of the Dissolved
Reactants

Particles are spread

out and will collide
with each other less
often, with fewer
successful collisions
 Rates of Reaction
2. Concentration of the Dissolved
Reactants

High concentration
Particles are spread Particles are
out and will collide crowded close
with each other less together, so collide
often, with fewer more often, with
successful collisions more successful
collisions
 Rates of Reaction
2. Concentration of the Dissolved
Reactants
ic l es
p art e
n = o l l i d
a tio d c d so
tr er an

High concentration
e n l a n
c o nc geth essfu
t h e t o u c c se s !
s i n g w d ed re s
c re a
re a c r o n s a i n
Inc more ollisio actio n
are are y , c f r e
Particles
n t l
spread
e o Particles are
q
out and e collide
uwill r at crowded close
r
with
e e
th less
f each other together, so collide
often, with fewer more often, with
successful collisions more successful
collisions
Rates of Reaction
3. Pressure (in gases)
 Rates of Reaction
3. Pressure (in gases)

Particles are spread

out and will collide
with each other less
often, with fewer
successful collisions
 Rates of Reaction
3. Pressure (in gases)

High pressure
Particles are spread Particles are pushed
out and will collide closer together,
with each other less they collide more
often, with fewer frequently, with
successful collisions more successful
collisions
 Rates of Reaction
3. Pressure (in gases)

i n a
c l e s de
rt i o l l i
= p a d c so
e a n d
ss ur ther l a n
e fu

High pressure
p r o ge e ss
th e e r t u c c e s !
in g l os are s crea s
s
ea shed ons c in
n cr i on
I e p u
o l l is a cti
as ar are spread
ly , c
o f r e
Particles
gout anduwill
n t
e collide t e
Particles are pushed

r e q e r a closer together,
f each other
with th less they collide more
often, with fewer frequently, with
successful collisions more successful
collisions
Rates of Reaction
4. Surface area of solid
reactants
 Rates of Reaction
4. Surface area of solid
reactants

Large particles have a

small surface area in
relation to volume –
less particles exposed,
fewer collisions, slow
reaction
 Rates of Reaction
4. Surface area of solid
reactants

Large surface area

Large particles have a Smaller particles have
small surface area in a larger surface area in
relation to volume – relation to volume-
less particles exposed, more particles
fewer collisions, slow exposed, more
reaction collisions, faster
reaction
 Rates of Reaction
4. Surface area of solid
reactants

s o
d ns

Large surface area

a n e a
s ize rea m ns
t ic le c e a l i sio
p a r
u rf a l c ol
t h e e s s f u .
in g ti v c e s io n
d u c r e la s uc e a ct
Re g the more o f r
s i n r e at e
r a
eparticles e aa e r r
n c
Large
ismall surface h e r
have
a s t Smaller particles have
a t t area ina f a larger surface area in
th to volume
relation
and – relation to volume-
less particles exposed, more particles
fewer collisions, slow exposed, more
reaction collisions, faster
reaction
Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst
 Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst

A catalyst is a substance which increases the

rate of a chemical reaction without being used up
itself. It can be used over and over again.
 Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst

A catalyst is a substance which increases the

rate of a chemical reaction without being used up
itself. It can be used over and over again.
 Rates of Reaction
5. Using a catalyst

A catalyst is a substance which increases rg y – the

n e ne
rate of a chemical reaction without a tio being or aused up
c tiv e d f e
itself. It can be used a
over and
e d over r
again.
o
s t he y n e re m
.
e r r g e a io n
t l ow f ene Ther eact
a l ys t o n . e r r
c at o u n l is io a st
A he a m l
c o so a f
t ul
e s sf and
u c c n s ,
s isi o
c o l l
Activation energy
What’s all this ‘ere talk
about the
ACTIVATION
ENERGY?
 Activation energy
What’s all this ‘ere talk
about the
ACTIVATION
ENERGY?
The ACTIVATION
ENERGY is the
relatively small amount
of energy needed to
start a chemical
reaction
Activation energy
Activation energy
reactants
Used to break
apart the old
bonds

products

Time
Activation energy
Activation energy
reactants
using a catalyst.

Catalysts reduce the

activation energy for
the reaction – this
makes the reaction
go faster.

products

Time
Rate of reaction experiments
 Rate of reaction experiments

1. Surface
area

Boiling tube

Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken

for
magnesium
Magnesium ribbon to disappear
= 109 secs
Hydrochloric acid
 Rate of reaction experiments

1. Surface
area

Boiling tube

Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken Time taken

for for
magnesium magnesium
Magnesium ribbon to disappear Small to disappear
= 109 secs pieces of = 55 secs
Hydrochloric acid Magnesium
ribbon
 Rate of reaction experiments
Increasing the surface area of
1. Surface
reactants increases the rate of
area reaction

Boiling tube

Bubbles of hydrogen Time taken Time taken

for for
magnesium magnesium
Magnesium ribbon to disappear Small to disappear
= 109 secs pieces of = 55 secs
Hydrochloric acid Magnesium
ribbon
 Rate of reaction experiments

2.
Concentration

View from
Volume of sodium Volume of
above
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3)
10 40
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30
40cm3 water +
10cm3
30 20
hydrochloric acid

X
40 10

50 0
 Rate of reaction experiments

2.
Concentration

View from Time for cross

Volume of sodium Volume of
above to disappear
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3) (secs)

10 40 98
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30 64
40cm3 water +
10cm3
30 20 31
hydrochloric acid
40 10 16

50 0 8
 Rate of reaction experiments

2.
Concentration

Volume of thiosulphate
View from Time for cross
Volume of sodium Volume of
above to disappear
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3) (secs)

10 40 98
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30 64
40cm3 water +
10cm3
30 20 31
hydrochloric acid
40 10 16

50 0 8
 Rate of reaction experiments
As the concentration of sodium
thiosulphate increases, so the
2.
Concentration
time taken decreases – the rate
of reaction gets faster.
Volume of thiosulphate
View from Time for cross
Volume of sodium Volume of
above to disappear
thiosulphate (cm3) water (cm3) (secs)

10 40 98
10cm3 sodium
thiosulphate +
20 30 64
40cm3 water +
10cm3
30 20 31
hydrochloric acid
40 10 16

50 0 8
 Rate of reaction experiments
Reaction time (secs)
Temperature Average
of reaction reaction time
mixture (oC) Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 (secs)
3.
Temperature

40 24 25 25 25
50 22 20 20 21
60 17 16 16 16
70 12 11 11 11
80 7 7 8 7
 Rate of reaction experiments
Reaction time (secs)
Temperature Average
of reaction reaction time
mixture (oC) Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 (secs)
3.
Temperature

40 24 25 25 25
50 22 20 20 21
60 17 16 16 16
70 12 11 11 11
80 7 7 8 7
 Rate of reaction experiments
Reaction time (secs)
Temperature Average
of reaction reaction time
mixture (oC) Experiment 1 Experiment 2 Experiment 3 (secs)
3.
Temperature

40 24 25 25 25
50 22 20 20 21
60 17 16 16 16
70 12 11 11 11
80 7 7 8 7

As the temperature
increases so the time
taken for the cross
to disappear
decreases – the
reaction gets faster.
 Rate of reaction experiments

4.
Catalysts
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

2H2O2  2H2O + O2

The rate of reaction is

Hydrogen measured by how long it
peroxide
takes for the gas to be
produced.
Manganese oxide
catalyst
 Rate of reaction experiments

4.
Catalysts
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

2H2O2  2H2O + O2
100
2
Hydrogen
80
1
60
peroxide 3
40

20

0
Manganese oxide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
catalyst Time (secs)
 Rate of reaction experiments

4.
Catalysts
Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

2H2O2  2H2O + O2
100
2
Hydrogen
80
1
60
peroxide 3
40

20 Better catalysts give a quicker reaction

as shown by the steeper graph
0
Manganese oxide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
catalyst Time (secs)
 Rate of reaction experiments
The catalyst manganese oxide increases the
4.
rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.
Catalysts

2H2O2  2H2O + O2
100
2
Hydrogen
80
1
60
peroxide 3
40

20 Better catalysts give a quicker reaction

as shown by the steeper graph
0
Manganese oxide 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
catalyst Time (secs)
 End of Section 4 Lesson 3

In this lesson we have covered:

Rates of Reaction

Activation Energy

Rates of Reaction Experiments