Fundamental principles of

organic chemistry
Contents

1. Classification of organic compound

2. Isomerism
Learning Objectives
3. Define organic chemistry and organic compounds.
4. Classify organic compounds on structural basis.
5. Define functional group.
6. Explain isomerism and its types.
Introduction

• Definition
• Old Definition
• Modern Definition

Old Definition
Vital Force Theory: J.J. Berzelius (1823)
Organic compounds can only be prepared with in living organism they cannot be
prepared outside living organisms.
Rejection of Vital force Theory Frederick Wohler (1828)
NH4CNO (NH2)2CO
Modern Definition
Compound of carbon and its derivatives are called organic compounds EXCEPT
• Oxides
• Carbonates
• Bicarbonates
• Metallic carbides
• Carbon Disulphides
• Cyanides
• Thiocyanates
Classification of
Organic compounds
Which of the following is not aromatic compound
A) Pyridine C) Aniline
B) Cyclohexadiene D) Toluene
Functional Group

It is non carbon atom or group of atoms, a double bond or triple bond which
gives characteristic properties to organic compound.
Functional group serves as bases of
• Classification
• Nomenclature
• Reactions type
Which of the following groups is always represented by prefixes in the
nomenclature?
A)-NH2
B)-CHO
C)-CN
D)-NO2
 Chain Isomerism

Functional Group Isomerism

Structural Isomerism Position Isomerism

Same Molecular Formula
but different structure Metamerism

Tautomerism

Geometrical
Stereoisomerism
Same Molecular Formula
Optical
but position of atoms in space
Compounds in which two alkyl groups are attached to an oxygen atom are called
______
a) Alkanes b) Ethers
c) Alcohols d) Isomer
Which compound contains sp hybridized C atom?

a) CH3CN b) CH3CHO
c) CH3NH2 d) None
Which of the following is not an organic compound?

a) Urea b) Oxalic acid

c) Natural gas d) Plaster of Paris
Which of the following is not type of structural isomerism?
A) Metamerism C) Chain isomerism
B) Functional group isomerism D) Cis-trans isomerism
Identify the incorrect statement:

A) Organic means ..life or living

B) Inorganic means.. Lifeless (non-living source)
C) Methane ... the simplest organic
D) HCN and compounds Na2C03... Organic compounds
Xylene has possible number of isomers:
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
Which one of the following compounds does not show position isomerism:
A) Dichlorobenzene
B) Propanol
C) Butene
D) Ethanal
 Metamerism
Molecules have same carbon Skelton
Molecules have same functional group … but
Position of functional group in chain is different

Example
Which one of the following shows metamerism?
A)CH3-CH2CH =CH2 and H3C CH=CH-CH3
B) CH3-CH2 CHO and CH3COCH3
C)(CH3) 3 CH and CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3
D) HC3-NH-C3H7 and C2H4-NH-C2H5
All of the following show functional group isomerism EXCEPT:
A) Alcohols and ethers (CH3CH2OH ,CH3OCH3)
B) Acids and esters (CH3COOH,HCOOCH3;)
C) Aldehydes and ketones (CH3CH2CHO,CH3COCH3, CH2=CHCH2OH)
D) Diethyl ether and 1-propanol (CH3CH2OCH3,CH3 ;, CH3CH2CH2OH)
Glucose and fructose are:
A) Metamers of each other C) Tautomers of each other
B) Functional group isomers of each other D) Chain isomers of each other
 Tautomerism
Molecules have different carbon Skelton
Molecules have different functional group
Arises due to shifting of proton with in same compound

Example
Which of the following alkenes does not show geometric isomerism
A) 2-Butene
B) 1-Brormo-2-Chloropropene
C) Propene
D) 2-Pente
A compound X exhibits structural isomerism, the isomers being members of
different homologous series. To which pair of isomers could X belong?
A) Acylchlorides and carboxylic acids
B) Carboxylic acids and esters
C) Amino acids and ammonium salts
D)Amides and amino acids