GAS POWER CYCLE

Thermodynamics 2
Muhammad Ahamr Zuber
  In thermodynamics, there are two important area of application namely
power generation and refrigeration.
 Both of these two applications operate on a thermodynamics cycle.
 Thermodynamics cycle can be divided into two general categories, power
cycle and refrigeration cycle (next chapter).
 Power cycle can be divided into two, gas cycle and vapour cycle.

Why do we need  As the name implies, Gas Power Cycle operates using gas phase as it

to study Gas working fluid.

 Also the thermodynamics cycles can be categorised into closed system and
Power Cycle? open system (your already learn this in thermodynamics 1).
 Closed system – working fluid is circulated
 Open system – working fluid not being recirculated
 Heat engine also divided into two – internal combustion engine (ICE) and
external combustion engine (ECE).

AHMAR
  Most power producing device operates on cycle.
 Such generator, car engine, steam engine and power plant.
 Generator and car engine use fuel in combustion which is converted into gas
Why do we need in the cycle (Gas Cycle).

to study Gas  While steam engine using both steam (gas) and water (liquid) in it cycle
(Vapour Cycle).
Power Cycle?  So we need to study the Gas Power Cycle as most of the devices is operate
based on thermodynamics cycles.

AHMAR
 In short – Gas Power Cycle

A cycle during which a net amount of work

is produced is called a power cycle, and a
power cycle during which the working
fluid remains a gas throughout is called a
gas power cycle.
 Consideration in The analysis of Gas Power
Cycle
 The real actual cycles are difficult to analyse, why?

Actual Cycle Difficult to Why? Complicating What? Such as friction,

analyse effect cycle time too
Ideal Cycle short, insufficient
time for to achieved
To include all of these in the So?
equilibrium
calculation will be too complex to
solve

Yes, so to manage the

We want complexity of the
No, nothing is
things to be cycle, we utilise
impossible for me
easy right? some idealisation

By striped off the internal irreversibility and OK,

complexity of the cycle we get Ideal Cycle that Thermodynamics 2
resemble the actual cycle but made up with totally course is finish.
internal reversible process
AHMAR
 Consideration in The analysis of Gas Power
Cycle
AHMAR
 The idealise model enables us to study the effects of major parameter
Actual Cycle  Heat engines are designed to convert thermal energy to work
 The thermal efficiency of heat engines,
Ideal Cycle

𝑊 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑤
𝜂 𝑡h= 𝑜𝑟 𝜂 𝑡h= 𝑛𝑒𝑡
𝑄 𝑖𝑛 𝑞𝑖𝑛

 As we know, heat engines operate on totally reversible cycle such as

Carnot cycle.
 Carnot cycle is the most efficient heat engine that operates between the
same temperature levels (TH and TL).
 Understand?
No? For example, say that we have Carnot cycle, Otto cycle and Diesel
cycle operating at same temperature level, let say between 110 °C to
500 °C, Carnot will has the highest efficiency among these three
cycle.
AHMAR
 ? ? ? ? ?
Then, why ?
?
not use ? ?
Carnot
cycle for all
the device?
 ? ? ? ? ?
?
Because of ?
? ?
hardware
problems
…
 Most cycles use in practice are very different to
Carnot cycle significantly which make it ? ? ? ? ?
unsuitable as realistic model.
?
?
WHAT? Elaborate please…
 Because the ideal cycle may involve irreversibility
external to the system such as heat transfer through
the finite temperature different such as cylinder
wall.
? ?
 Unlike Carnot cycle which externally reversible.

 The idea is, the ideal cycle we used to represent the

actual cycle actually involving with external
reversible such as heat loss.

 While Carnot cycle is externally reversible

meaning that the heat loss can be gain back.
 So the idealization and simplification in the ? ? ? ? ?
analysis of power cycle as follow (or in short we
assume for ideal cycle): ?
 No friction involve in the process, the working
fluid does not experienced pressure drop in pipe or
?
?
device.

?
 All expansion and compression happen in quasi
equilibrium process.
 The pipes connecting the system are insulated, heat
transfer through pipes are negligible.

 But what about kinetic and potential energy?

 In this case we assume they are very small compare

to energy equation… but
 There are significant in nozzle and diffusers
 In short – Gas Power Cycle
The actual gas cycles are rather complex. The
approximations used to simplify the analysis are
known as the air-standard assumptions. Under these
assumptions, all the processes are assumed to be
internally reversible; the working fluid is assumed to
be air, which behaves as an ideal gas; and the
combustion and exhaust processes are replaced by
heat-addition and heat-rejection processes,
respectively.
 Air-Standard Assumptions

The working fluid is air

Combustion process in
circulate in closed loop All processes are
replace with heat
and behave like ideal internally reversible
addition process
gas

Exhaust process
Air has constant
replace with heat
specific heats
rejection process
 In short – Air-Standard
Assumption
The air-standard assumptions are called
cold-air-standard assumptions if, in
addition, air is assumed to have constant
specific heats at room temperature.
 P-v
diagram
Four reversible processes
1 – 2: Isothermal heat addition
2 – 3: Isentropic expansion
Carnot Cycle 3 – 4: Isothermal heat rejection
4 – 1: Isentropic compression

The Carnot cycle can be executed in Which one is

a closed system  P-v diagram
 T-s diagram
A piston–cylinder device T-s
A steady-flow system (utilizing two diagram
turbines and two compressors)
Either a gas or a vapor can be
utilized as the working fluid

AHMAR
 Reversible isothermal heat transfer is difficult to achieve in
reality:
Required large heat exchanger and take long time
Carnot cycle value as a standard to compare with ideal cycle
Therefore, it is not practical to build an engine that would operate
on a cycle that closely approximates the Carnot cycle

Carnot Cycle Carnot Cycle Efficiency:

Function of
Sink temperature (lowest)
Source temperature (Highest)

AHMAR
 Proof that Carnot Cycle Efficiency is
based on the temperature level:
we prove this,

T-s diagram

𝑞𝑖𝑛 =𝑇 𝐿 ( 𝑠 2 − 𝑠 1)

Carnot Cycle
Since 1 - 4 and 2 – 3 are
isentropic process,
and

AHMAR
 Example Question
An air-standard cycle with variable specific heats is executed in a closed system
4thand
step: continue...
is composed of the following four processes: 4
5 th
step: determine
2 step: the
solve the question properties at point 1, 2, 3
13 nd
st
rd
step: analyse
identify
(if Carnotwhat
if the
or is
cycle
the cycle
other using
cycle,involve
constant
try to recall
and 4….
Point specific
how
q
Since =uis3it-u heat
the
does atand
P-vnot roomT-s temperature
mention diagram)
2=1487.2-389.2=1098.0 or not
specific kJ/kg
cycle (using
(such as
1-2: 1: from table
Isentropic A-17 at 300
compression K, 100
from h1=300.19
kPa andkJ/kg
27°C and Pr1kPa
to 800 = 1.386 in
Cp,
Carnot)
Given:
qout=h Cv 4and-hwe K) or variable
have specific
to draw cycle
1=828.1-300.19=527.9 kJ/kg
theheat (using
P-v and T-s
Point
2-3: 2:v ==constant heat addition to 1800 K table)
diagram
Point
wnet,out1: =q100 kPa and 27 °C (300 K)
in-qout=1098.0-527.9=570.1 kJ/kg
From table at =11.08, u2=389.22 kJ/kg and T2=539.8 K Point 2: 800 kPa
3-4: Isentropic expansion to 100 kPa It
Pointuse 3: variable
1800 Kspecific heat so we refer the
Point 3: from table A-17 at 1800 K, u3=1487.2 kJ/kg and Pr3=1310 Thermal efficiency,
4-1: P =constant heat rejection to initial state property
Point
ƞ =w 4: 100 table
/q kPa
T3 is determine from the ideal gas equation Pv=mRT, where process th net.out in=570.1/1098.0=0.519

(a)isShow
2-3 the cycle
constant on P-v
v hence and T-s
, hence diagrams.
P3=2668 kPa Analyse
or 51.9%qin happen at constant volume hence
qin = m(u3 – u2) but since per unit mass
(b) Calculate
Point 4: = 49.10 the net work output per unit mass. Easy right?
q in = (u3 – u2)
From the table at =49.10, h4=828.1 kJ/kg
(c) Determine the thermal efficiency.
Analyse qout happen at constant pressure hence
𝑆𝑜h𝑜𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡h𝑖𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛? 3
qout = -m(h1 – h4) but since per unit mass
qq 3
out = -(h1 – h4) = (h4 – h1)
in
qin

2 2 wnet = qin - qout

4
1 qout 4 1 qout
 1st step Example Question
Consider a Carnot cycle executed in a closed system with 0.003 3rd step:
kg of air. The temperature limits of the cycle are 300 and 900 K, No table, hence:
and the minimum and maximum pressures that occur during the Cp=1.005kJ/kg.K,
cycle are 20 and 2000 kPa. Assuming constant specific heats, Cv=0.718 kJ/kg.K
determine the net work output per cycle. R=0.287 kJ/kg.K
k=1.4

2nd step: Recall Carnot cycle diagram

4th step: find value at all points and solve the question

2000 kPa
Heat input:
TH=900 K
s2-s1=Cp ln(T2/T1) – Ln
R ln(P
1 = 20/P1)=0.2181 kJ/kg.K
Qin=mTH(s2-s1)=(0.003kg)(900K)(0.2181kJ/kg.K)
TL=30 Ƞth=1-TL/TH=1-300/900=0.667 or 66.7%
0K
20 kPa
Wnet,out= ȠthQin=0.667x0.5889kJ=0.393 kJ
Easy right?
 Reciprocating
Engines

Compression
Spark Ignition
Ignition
 Intake valve:
Air-fuel mixture inlet

Exhaust valve:
Combustion product exit

Top dead centre:

highest piston position = smallest cylinder volume

Reciprocating
Engines Distance piston travel in one direction

Bottom dead centre:

Lowest piston position = largest cylinder volume

AHMAR
 Displacement volume:
The volume displaced by the cylinder, maximum volume,
Vmax
Reciprocating
Engines Clearance volume:
Minimum volume, Vmin

Compression ratio, r = Vmax/Vmin = VBDC/VTDC

r also known as volume ratio

How about pressure ratio?

AHMAR
  Another term frequently used in reciprocating
engine is mean effective pressure (MEP)

 It define as the imaginary pressure that act on the

piston during power stroke which would produce the
Reciprocating same amount of net work during the actual cycle

Engines  Wnet = MEP x piston area x stroke=MEP x

displacement volume

 MEP

AHMAR
 Reciprocating
Engines

Compression
Spark Ignition
Ignition
 Spark
Ignition (Otto
Cycle)
 Spark
Ignition

4 Stroke 2 Stroke
1st stroke 2nd stroke 3rd stroke 4th stroke
 Spark
Ignition

4 Stroke 2 Stroke
What the different between 4 stroke and 2 stroke

4 Stroke 2 Stroke
Compression Compression
Power Power  exhaust  intake
4 Stroke 2 Stroke
Exhaust
Intake
More efficient Less efficient
Slightly complex simple
Cost more cheaper
Lower High power to weight ratio
Lower High power to volume ratio
Not suitable for small application Small size and weight application
 Any Technological Advancement?
 Fuel injection
 Stratified charge combustion – more leaner combustion
 Electronic control
 If properly design 2 stroke can offer high performance and fuel economy
without compromising the emission requirement
 3
@ The ideal cycle resemble the spark ignition engine is Otto
cycle.
qin Ise
n tr o
pic @ Otto Cycle consist of four internally reversible process
@ 1 – 2 Isentropic compression
2 @ 2 – 3 Constant-volume heat addition
Isent 4
ropic @ 3 – 4 Isentropic expansion
qout @ 4 – 1 Constant-volume heat rejection
1

3 Remember this diagram is for Otto Cycle

qin
nt
st a

4
on
=c
V

qout
t
2 s tan
n
co
V=

1
3
@ Otto Cycle executed in closed cycle
@ Kinetic and potential energy are neglected, hence
@ Energy balance
@ (qin – qout) + (win – wout) = ∆u (kJ/kg)
@ Since no work involve during the heat transfer process since happen during
constant volume
@ Heat transfer to and from working fluid is define:
@ qin = u3 – u2 = Cv (T3 – T2) (kJ/kg)
@ qout = u4 – u1 = Cv (T4 – T1) (kJ/kg)
@ Then the thermal efficiency of Otto cycle under cold air assumption:
@ Ƞth,Otto = wnet/qin = 1 – qout/qin = 1 – (T4 – T1)/(T3 – T2)
=
@ Since process 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic and V2=V3 and V4=V1

@ r = vmax/vmin = v1r/v
= 2compression ratio
k =specific heat ratio = Cp/Cv
 The Efficiency of Otto Cycle
Typical compression  Depend on the compression ratio and specific heat ratio of
ratio for gasoline
engine working fluid
 Ƞth,Otto still lower compare to Carnot due to irreversibility
such as friction and incomplete combustion

Ƞth,Otto increase with r rapidly

but flattened after r = 8

Increasing r  increase temperature fuel-air mixture 

autoignition  engine knocking
? ? ?
What??? ? ? Ever heard of fuel with different
? ? octane numbers?

Ok… I have a question?

What if we use argon
as fuel?
The Efficiency of Otto Cycle
The answer is??

Make that your assignment

Well if argon the k value will be 1.667 (room temp.) so

Ƞth,Otto is better. Refer to properties table for different
gas. But in reality the gas mixture in gasoline engine is
a mixture of gases such as carbon dioxide, air, fuel so
the actual efficiency will be lower than the idealised
Otto cycle usually around 25-30 %
 Example Question
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 100 kPa and 17
°C, and 800 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Accounting for the
variation of specific heats of air with temperature, determine:
(a) The maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle
(b) The net work output
(c) The thermal efficiency
(d) The mean effective pressure for the cycle.
(e) Determine the power output from the cycle, in kW, for an engine speed of 4000 rpm (rev/min). Assume that this
cycle is operated on an engine that has four cylinders with a total displacement volume of 1.6 L.

Bonus step: What are the assumption

Step 1: Otto Cycle
Step 2: P – v diagram
Step 3: Constant or variation specific heat
Step 4: What is given?
r=8, T1=17 °C, P1=100kPa, qin=800kJ/kg
Step 5: Lets start hunting number…
made?
1. The air-standard assumptions are
applicable.
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
3. The variation of specific heats with
temperature is to be accounted for.
 Example Question
Analysis…
Both qin and qout happened at constant volume  u values are needed
Find all the value for each point
1: T1=17 °C=290 K, P1=100 kPa  from table: u1=206.91 kJ/kg and vr1=676.1
2: vr2/vr1=v2/v1=1/r  vr2=676.1/8=84.51from table T2=652.4 K, u2=475.11 kJ/kg and
Pv=mRT at 1 and 2, P2=1799.7 kPa
3: qin=u3-u2=1275.11 kJ/kg  from table T3=1575.1 K, vr3=6.108 and using Pv=mRT at 2
and 3, P3=4.345 MPa
4: vr4/vr3=v4/v3=r vr4=48.864  from table T4=795.6 K and u4=588.74 kJ/kg
(a) The maximum temperature and pressure that occur during the cycle
Occur at point 3, Tmax=T3=1575.1 K and Pmax=P3=4.345 MPa

(b) The net work output

Wnet,out=qin - qout, qin=800 kJ/kg and qout=u4-u1=381.83 kJ/kg. Hence wnet,out=418.17 kJ/kg
 Example Question
(c) The thermal efficiency
Ƞth=wnet,out/qin=0.523 or 52.3%
Under cold air assumption
Ƞth,Otto=1 - (1/rk-1)=1 – (1/81.4-1)=0.565 or 56.5%

(d) The mean effective pressure for the cycle.

MEP=wnet/(v1 – v2)=wnet/ v1(1 – 1/r), v1=RT1/P1=0.8323 m3/kg. Hence MEP=574 kPa

(e) Determine the power output from the cycle, in kW, for an engine speed of 4000 rpm (rev/min). Assume that this
cycle is operated on an engine that has four cylinders with a total displacement volume of 1.6 L.
Mass of air=volume cylinder/specific volume=0.0016/0.8323=0.001922 kg
Net work produce by the cycle, Wnet=mwnet,out=0.8037 kJ
For Otto cycle, one thermodynamic cycle has 2 revolution
The power produce is, net=Wnet/nrev=0.8037x4000/2 x (1 min/ 60 s)=26.8 kW
 Reciprocating
Engines

Compression
Spark Ignition
Ignition
 Compression
Ignition (Diesel
Cycle)
 Compression Ignition
(Diesel Cycle)
The Diesel cycle is the ideal cycle for the
compression-ignition reciprocating engines. It is
very similar to the Otto cycle, except that the
constant volume heat-addition process is replaced
by a constant pressure heat-addition process.
 @ The Diesel cycle is similar to Otto cycle.
qin @ Except that the constant volume heat-addition process is
3
2 replaced by a constant pressure heat-addition process
Ise
nt
(Process 2-3)
ro
pi
Ise c
ntr @ Diesel Cycle consist of four internally reversible process
op
ic
4
@ 1 – 2 Isentropic compression
@ 2 – 3 Constant-pressure heat addition
qout @ 3 – 4 Isentropic expansion
1 @ 4 – 1 Constant-volume heat rejection

Remember this diagram is for Diesel Cycle

qin
3
t
ns t a n
P=co
2 4

t qout
t an
c on s
V=
1
@ Diesel Cycle executed in closed cycle
@ Kinetic and potential energy are neglected, hence
@ The heat transfer to the working fluid at constant pressure:
@ qin – wb,out = ∆u = u3 – u2
@ qin = P2(V3 – V2) +( u3 – u2) = h3 – h2 = Cp(T3 – T2) (kJ/kg)
@ qout = u4 – u1 = Cv (T4 – T1) (kJ/kg)
@ Then the thermal efficiency of Diesel cycle under cold air assumption:
@ Ƞth,Diesel = wnet/qin = 1 – qout/qin = 1 – (T4 – T1)/k(T3 – T2)
=
@ In Otto cycle we have r, hence in Diesel cycle we introduce cutoff ratio, r c
which is define as the volume after combustion/volume before combustion
(V3/V2)
@ Since process 1-2 and 3-4 are isentropic and P2=P3 and V4=V1

r = compression ratio = vmax/vmin

@
= v1/v2 = v4/v2
k = specific heat ratio = Cp/Cv
@ Proof

@ Ƞth,Diesel = wnet/qin = 1 – qout/qin = 1 – (T4 – T1)/k(T3 – T2)

=
@ rc = V3/V2, r = V1/V2 or V4/V2, P2 = P3 =T2/V2=T3/V3 and V4=V1

=1
@
The Efficiency of Diesel Cycle
 Looking to this equation,
 Under the assumption of cold air standard, ƞth,Diesel differ to
ƞth,Otto depend on the bracket [value]
 Hence ƞth,Otto>ƞth,Diesel
 compression ratio and specific heat ratio of working fluid
 If rc = 1, efficiency Diesel and Otto are identical
 The efficiency range from 35 – 40 %

 Advantages of Diesel engine over Gasoline:

 Higher efficiency and diesel fuel is cheaper
 Example Question
An ideal Diesel cycle with air as the working fluid has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio of 2. At the
beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa, 27 °C, and 1917 cm 3. Utilizing the cold-air-
standard assumptions, determine:
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process
(b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency, and
(c) the mean effective pressure
kPa
Step 1: Diesel Cycle
Step 2: P – v diagram
Step 3: Constant or variation specific heat
Step 4: What is given?
r=18,rc=2, T1=27 °C, P1=100kPa and V1=1917 cm3
Step 5: Lets start hunting number…

Bonus step: What are the assumption made?

1. The cold air-standard assumptions are applicable. 100
2. Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
 Example Question

Analysis…
kPa R=0.287 kPa∙m3/kg∙K, Cp=1.005 kJ/kg∙K, Cv=0.718 kJ/kg∙K and k=1.4
qin happened at constant pressure and qout happened at constant volume  Cp and Cv

Find all the value for each point

1: T1=27 °C=300 K, P1=100 kPa and V1=1917 cm3

2: V2=V1/r=1917/18=106.5 cm3, Isentropic process T2=T1(V1/V2)k-1=953 K and

P2=P1(V1/V2)k=5720 kPa
100
3: V3=rcV2=213 cm3, P3=P2=5720 kPa using Pv=mRT at 2 and 3, T3=1906 K

4: V4= V1=1917 cm3, Isentropic process T4=T3(V3/V4)k-1=791 K and P4=P3(V3/V4)k=264

kPa
 Example Question
(a) the temperature and pressure of air at the end of each process
T1=300 K, P1=100 kPa, T2=953 K, P2=5720 kPa, T3=1906 K, P3=5720 kPa, T4=791 K and P4=264 kPa

(b) the net work output and the thermal efficiency, and
Mass of air, m=P1V1/RT1=0.00223 kg
Qin=m(h3-h2)=mCp(T3-T2)=2.136 kJ If using cold air standard

Qout=m(u4-u1)=mCv(T4-T1)=0.786 kJ 0.632 or 63.2%

Wnet=Qin-Qout=1.35 kJ
Ƞth=Wnet/Qin=0.632 or 63.2%

(c) the mean effective pressure

MEP=Wnet/Vmax-Vmin=746 kPa
 Reciprocating Engine

 The approximation made using the ideal cycle

both for Otto and Diesel cycle is actually over
simplify and not quite realistic
 A better approach but more complex is to
model both gasoline and diesel engines as a
combination of two heat transfer process
 1. constant volume
 2. constant pressure
 The ideal cycle based on this concept is called
dual cycle
 The relative amount of heat transfer can be
adjusted closely to approximate the actual cycle
 Striling and
Ericsson Cycle
 Stirling and Ericsson Cycle
 Otto and diesel -composed of internally reversible cycles but not totally reversible
 Why???
Because of involve of heat transfer through finite temperature different during heat addition and rejection
which is irreversible
 Hence thermal efficiency is lower compare to Carnot cycle
 This where the Stirling & Ericsson Cycle comes…
 They operated between heat source, TH and sink at TL.
 The cycle is totally reversible because, the temperature different during heat transfer never exceed amount of
dT
 Heat addition and heat transfer occurred during isothermal process
 Exactly same as Carnot Cycle…
 If that so, what are the different between these engine with carnot?
 Stirling and Ericsson Cycle This is the
function of a
regenerator
 The different are:
The total heat
Stirling cycle Carnot cycle Ericsson cycle transfer = 0
Constant volume heat Isentropic heat addition Constant pressure heat
addition and rejection and rejection addition and rejection
Ein = Eout
regeneration regeneration

 Chup!!!1What energy
st
is regeneration???
from fluid
transferistoa process during which the heat is transferred to a storage during part of the cycle then
 Regeneration
regenerator 2nd energy
transferred back to the cycle.
from
 Storage??? Like thermos? regenerator
transfer back
to fluid
 Yeah some sort of. Actually it is a device call regenerator which has the ability to store thermal energy inside
of it.

 Lets take a look at the P-v and T-s diagram

See the different?
Carnot: Isentropic
Stirling: Constant volume
Ericsson: Constant pressure

How about similarity?

Carnot, Stirling & Ericsson
qin & qout all at isothermal process

Stirling Cycle made of four

reversible process:
1-2 Isothermal heat addition
(expansion)
2-3 Constant volume heat
regeneration (fluid to regenerator)
3-4 Isothermal heat rejection
(compression)
4-1 Constant volume regeneration
(regenerator to fluid)
Stirling Cycle made of four reversible process:
1-2 Isothermal heat addition (expansion)
2-3 Constant volume heat regeneration (fluid to regenerator)
3-4 Isothermal heat rejection (compression)
4-1 Constant volume regeneration (regenerator to fluid)

Ericsson Cycle made of four reversible process:

1-2 Isothermal heat addition (expansion)
2-3 Constant pressure heat regeneration (fluid to
regenerator)
3-4 Isothermal heat rejection (compression)
4-1 Constant pressure regeneration (regenerator to fluid)
 The actual Stirling engine are heavy and complicated.
 The system consisted of two pistons in a closed cycle
with a regenerator in the middle.
 It can be mesh wire or porous ceramic with high
thermal mass to store the thermal energy
 1 Heat transfer into the gas at constant TH Wout
 2 Gas expand doing work and pressure drop P↓
TH constant
 3 Both pistons move to right at same rate (constant
volume)
 As the gas pass through the regenerator, thermal
energy is stored, TH  TL
 Gas compressed
 4 Heat transfer out of the gas at TL, Pressure increase
 Both pistons move to the left at constant volume
 As the gas pass through the regenerator, thermal P↑
TL constant
energy transfer back to gas, TL  TH
 Noticed the 1st volume is larger than the 2nd volume?
 Net heat transfer to regenerator is equal to 0
 TL TH
 The Ericsson Cycle almost the same as
Stirling cycle
 The different is the two constant volume
processes are replaced with constant
pressure processes
 A steady flow device representing Ericsson
cycle as shown
 Compressor: maintain the pressure when
fluid reject heat
 Turbine: fluid expand to produce work, but
heat addition maintain the pressure
 Heat exchanger: act as the regenerator
 The thermal energy in fluid at TH is store in
the heat exchanger
 Fluid leave regenerator at TL
 After compressor, the fluid received back
the thermal energy from heat exchanger
 Fluid leave the heat exchanger at TH.
 Net heat transfer in heat exchanger = 0
 Both Stirling and Ericsson cycle are reversible same as Carnot cycle
 Hence ƞth,Stirling = ƞth,Ericsson = ƞth,Carnot = 1 – TL/TH
 Same like Carnot, Stirling and Ericsson are difficult to achieved because involving the heat transfer through
differential temperature difference in all components
 It would required large area of heat transfer and longer time for the process
 Also regenerator not 100 % efficient
 So what are the different of Carnot, Otto, Diesel, Stirling and Ericsson cycle?
 Carnot is the ideal cycle to represent the actual cycle (or mother of all cycles)
 Otto and Diesel are Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)
 Stirling and Ericsson are External Combustion Engine (ECE)

 Wait… Wait…

 ICE? ECE?
 So to put it simple
ICE ECE
Fuel burned inside the engine Fuel burned outside of the engine

Less complete combustion More complete combustion

Only specific fuel Variety of fuel can be used
More emission produce Less pollution
Less energy extraction from fuel More energy extraction from fuel
Open cycle Closed cycle
 Example Question
An ideal Ericsson engine using helium as the working fluid operates between temperature limits of 35 and 1400 °C and
pressure limits of 200 and 1400 kPa. Assuming a mass flow rate of 6.35 kg/s, determine:
(a) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
(b) the heat transfer rate in the regenerator
(c) the power delivered

Step 1: Ericsson engine

Step 2: T – s diagram
1400 °C
Step 3: Constant specific heat
Step 4: What is given?
TL=27 °C = 308 K, TH=1400 °C = 1673 K, Pmin=200 kPa and Pmax= 1400 kPa
Step 5: Lets start hunting number… 35 °C

Bonus step: What are the assumption made?

1. Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heat
 Example Question
1673 K
Analysis…
R=2.0769 kJ/kg∙K and Cp=5.1926 kJ/kg.K

308 K

(a) Thermal efficiency

Ƞth, Ericsson = 1 – TL/TH = 1 – 308/1673 = 0.816 or 81.6 %

(b) The amount of heat transfer to the generator

1400
kPa regen = 41,in = (h1 – h4) = Cp(T1 – T4) = 45008.16 kJ/s = 45 MJ/s

(c) Net power output

200 S2 – S1 = Cp ln T2/T1 – R ln P2/P1 = 0 - 4.04 = 4.04 kJ/kg.K
kPa

in = TH(s2 – s1) = 42919 kJ/s

Net,out = Ƞthin = 35021 kJ/s

 Example Question
An ideal Stirling engine using helium as the working fluid operates between temperature limits of 300 and 2000 K and
pressure limits of 150 kPa and 3 MPa. Assuming the mass of the helium used in the cycle is 0.12 kg, determine:
(a) The thermal efficiency of the cycle
(b) the amount of heat transfer in the regenerator
(c) the work output per cycle.

Step 1: Stirling engine

Step 2: T – s diagram
Step 3: Constant specific heat
2000 K
Step 4: What is given?
TL= 300 K, TH= 2000 K, Pmin= 150 kPa and Pmax= 3000 kPa
Step 5: Lets start hunting number…
300 K
Bonus step: What are the assumption made?
1. Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heat
 Example Question
2000 K Analysis…
R=2.0769 kJ/kg∙K and Cp=5.1926 kJ/kg.K

300 K (a) Thermal efficiency

Ƞth, Ericsson = 1 – TL/TH = 1 – 300/2000 = 0.85 or 85 %

3000
(b) The amount of heat transfer to the generator
kPa
regen = 41,in = (u1 – u4) = Cv(T1 – T4) = 635.6 kJ

(c) Net power output

P3V3/T3 =P1V1/T1  V3/V1 =T3P1/T1P3 = 3 =V2/V1

150 S2 – S1 = Cv ln T2/T1 – R ln V2/V1 = 0 - 2.285 = 2.282 kJ/kg.K

kPa
in = TH(s2 – s1) = 547.6 kJ/s

Net,out = Ƞthin = 465.5 kJ/s

 Brayton
Cycle:
Gas Turbine
Engine
 Brayton Cycle
 1st proposed by George Brayton to use in reciprocating oil-burning engine
 Now it is use in gas turbine only
 Both compression and expansion processes take place in rotating machinery
 Gas turbine operated on an open cycle

T↑ 1. Fresh air drawn in T and P increase

P constant 2. Air proceed to combustion chamber and burn at constant
P
3. Combustion gas with high T expand in turbine produce
wnet
4. Exhaust gas thrown out of the cycle

T↑
P↑
 Brayton Cycle
 But it can also be modeled as closed cycle by utilizing air-standard assumption
 The different is the combustion process is replace with constant pressure heat addition and exhaust replace
with constant pressure heat rejection process
Brayton Cycle made of four reversible process:
1-2 Isotropic compression (in compressor)
2-3 Constant pressure heat addition
3-4 Isotropic expansion (in turbine)
4-1 Constant pressure heat rejection
 Brayton Cycle
 Since Brayton cycle executed in steady flow device
 It can be analyses as steady flow process
Energy balance
(qin – qout) +(win – wout) = hexit – hinlet
Where:
Heat transfer 1 – 2: Isentropic
qin = h3 – h2 = Cp(T3 – T2) 2 – 3: Isobaric
qout = h4 – h1 = Cp(T4 – T1) 3 – 4: Isentropic
4 – 1: Isobaric
Thermal efficiency under cold air assumption
Ƞth,Brayton = wnet/qin = 1 – qout/qin =
Where rp is pressure ratio = P2/P1

Thermal efficiency depend on the pressure ratio and specific heat ratio
 The common pressure ratio for gas turbine engine is 11 – 16
 The highest temperature at point 3
 This limitation is based on the highest temperature turbine blade can handle
 Which also limit the pressure
 Pressure ratio increase with efficiency until reached maximum
 Then start to decrease

 The gas have 2 functions

 1. Combustion agent
 2. Coolant agent by increasing air intake
 So air-fuel ratio will be leaner? Will that not effecting the combustion?
 Very common in gas turbine with air-fuel ratio of 50 % or more
 It will not cause any appreciable error in analysis

 The ratio of compressor work to turbine work is called back work ratio
 More than half of turbine work is used to drive the compressor
 Making things worse if the efficiency of compressor and turbine are low
 So lager turbine is required to provide the power for compressor

 The gas turbine have 2 majors application

 1. Air-craft propulsion
 2. Electric power generation
 Brayton Cycle
Development of Gas turbine

1. Increase the turbine temperature

 Better material properties
⊗ NOx emission

2. Increasing the efficiency of turbomachinery components

 Design component aerodynamically

3. Adding modification to the basic cycle

 Intercooling
 Regeneration
 Reheating
 Combination of all
 Gas turbine
Brayton Cycle
 Regeneration

Regeneration
 Brayton Cycle
Gas turbine
Combination cycle
 Combination of Intercooling, Regeneration and
Reheating

Increase compressor and

turbine Ericsson cycle
 Example Question
A gas-turbine power plant operating on an ideal Brayton cycle has a pressure ratio of 8. The gas temperature is 300 K at
the compressor inlet and 1300 K at the turbine inlet. Utilizing the air-standard assumptions, determine:
(a) The gas temperature at the exits of the compressor and the turbine
(b) the back work ratio
(c) the thermal efficiency.

Step 1: Ericsson engine

Step 2: T – s diagram
Step 3: Use table
Step 4: What is given?
T1=300 K, T3=1300 K and rp= P2/P1 = 1400 kPa
Step 5: Lets start hunting number…
Bonus step: What are the assumption made?
1. Steady operating condition exist
2. Air standard assumption applicable
3. Kinetic and potential energy negligible
4. Variation of specific heat with temperature is considered
 Example Question

Analysis…
At point 1: T1 = 300 K  from table h1 = 300.19 kJ/kg and Pr1 = 1.386
At point 2: Pr2 = Pr1(P2/P1) = 11.09  T2 = 540 K and h2 = 544.35 kJ/kg
At point 3: T3 = 1300 K  h3 = 1395.97 kJ/kg and Pr3 = 330.9
At point 4: Pr4=Pr3(P4/P3) = 41.36  T4 = 770 K and h4 = 789.37 kJ/kg

(a) Gas temperature at exit of compressor and turbine

exit of compressor = T2 = 540 K (c) Thermal efficiency
exit of turbine = T4 = 770 K qin = h3 – h2 = 851.62 kJ/kg
wnet = wout – win = 362.4 kJ/kg
(b) The work back ratio
ƞth = wnet/qin = 0.426 or 42.6 %
wcomp,in = h2 – h1 = 244.16 kJ/kg
wturb,out = h3 – h4 = 606.60 kJ/kg
rbw = wcomp,in/ Wturb,out = 0.403 or 40.3 %
 SUMMARY

1. Carnot
2. Internal Combustion Engine: Reciprocating Engine  Otto Cycle & Diesel Cycle
3. External Combustion Engine  Stirling Cycle & Ericsson Cycle
4. Gas Turbine Engine  Brayton Cycle
5. Thermal Efficiency
ƞth,Carnot =
ƞth,Otto =
ƞDiesel =
ƞStirling =
ƞEricsson =
ƞBrayton =
SUMMARY
 FINISH?
Bye bye…. So you in next class
Rankine Cylce: Steam Turbine