Introduction

The Fourth Industrial Revolution is the current and developing

environment in which disruptive technologies and trends such as the
Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, virtual reality (VR) and artificial
intelligence (AI) are changing the way modern people live and work.
The integration of these technologies into manufacturing practices is
known as Industry 4.0.
 1st industrial revolution
(1760-1820/1840)

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in

Great Britain, continental Europe, and the United States, that occurred during the
period from around 1760 to about 1820–1840.This transition included going from
hand production methods to machines.
 2nd Industrial Revolution
• The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution, was
a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production, and
industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century.
• Location: United States, France, Germany, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Belgium,
Netherlands .
 3rd industrial revolution
• The third revolution brought forth the rise of electronics, telecommunications and,
of course, computers. The third industrial revolution opened the doors to space
expeditions, research, and biotechnology through the new technologies.
 Design Principles and goals
• interconnects are structures that connect two or more circuit elements (such as transistors) together electrically. The design and
layout of interconnects on an IC is vital to its proper function, performance, power efficiency, reliability, and fabrication yield.

• (2017) proposed the concept of “transparency-by-design”, according to which transparency should be considered as the main
requirement for the development of the system aiming to disclose government data to the public.

• Technical assistance, also known as “TA” and commonly referred to as consulting, is the process of providing targeted support to
an organization with a development need or problem. It is an effective method for building the capacity of an organization.

• Decentralized decision-making is any process where the decision-making authority is distributed throughout a larger group. It
also connotes a higher authority given to lower level functionaries, executives, and workers.
 Components
• A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a computer small enough to hold and operate in the hand. Handheld
computer devices will typically have a LCD or OLED flat screen interface, providing a touchscreen interface with
digital buttons and keyboard or physical buttons along with a physical keyboard. Many such devices can connect to
the Internet and connect with other devices such as car entertainment systems or headsets via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
cellular networks or near field communication (NFC).

• The Internet of things (IoT) describes physical objects (or groups of such objects) with sensors, processing ability,
software, and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or
other communications networks. Internet of things has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to
be connected to the public internet, they only need to be connected to a network and be individually addressable.
Smart sensor:
Sensors and instrumentation harness innovation to drive human well-being. Not only for
Industry 4.0 but also for other Smart Megatrends like Smart Manufacturing, Smart
Mobility, Smart Homes, Smart Cities and Smart Factories. Smart sensors are devices that
generate data and monitor complex process conditions with self-monitoring, self-
configuration.
3D printing:
It is said that Industry 4.0 or the fourth generation industry will rely heavily on 3D
printing. The advantage of 3D printing is that many types of structures can be printed in
this method and it is easy to design products. 3D printing is relatively environmentally
friendly.
 Primary drivers
Digitization and integration of vertical and horizontal value chains
Industry 4.0 integrates processes vertically, across the entire organization, including processes in product development, manufacturing, structuring, and
service; horizontally, Industry 4.0 includes internal operations from suppliers to customers as well as all key value chain partners.

Digitization of product and services

Integrating new methods of data collection and analysis–such as through the expansion of existing products or creation of new digitized products–helps
companies to generate data on product use to refine products.

Digital business models and customer access

Customer satisfaction is a perpetual, multi-stage process that requires modification in real-time to adapt to the changing needs of consumers.
• Smart factory:

In smart factories, systems communicate with each other and with people through the Internet of
Things and support each other. They are able to interact with all parts of the value chain through out the organization. Predictive maintenance
Using Iot sensors and technology can preempt machines in Industry 4.0 or the autonomous
revolution. This special predictive process helps us identify problems that cause machine
malfunctions or malfunctions that can be solved cost-effectively.

• 3D printing:

Fourth generation industry relies heavily on 3D printing.

The advantage of 3D printing is that many types of structures can be printed in this method and product design is also easy. 3D printing is relatively environmentally friendly.
In case of low volume production, this method can reduce lead time and total production cost.

• Smart sensor:

Smart sensors are devices that generate data and monitor complex process conditions with self-
monitoring, self-configuration. Smart sensors are able to communicate wirelessly, making their
installation process much simpler and easier to understand in their arrays. The experts he said that Industry 4.0 cannot progress without sensor systems .
• Agriculture and Food Industries:

Using smart sensors in the farm can understand crop condition and provide timely inputs and
treatment advice. It is even possible to determine the amount of irrigation.

Challenges
• Economic :
 High cost
 Adapting to the appropriate business model
 Intangible economic benefits/additional investment.

• Social:

 Personal safety concerns

 Surveillance and mistrust
 Reluctance of partners to adapt to change
 Corporate IT departments are at risk of becoming redundant
 Social inequality and unrest increase
 Job loss for workers especially for automated and IT controlled processes.

• Political

 Lack of management, standards and certification forms

 Potential to regulate the activities of the public especially dissidents
 Ambiguous legal systems and data protection.

• Organization

 IT security issues, which will greatly increase due to the inherent need to reopen previously closed stores

 Reliability and stability required to maintain complex machine-to-machine (M2M) communication deployments, low and stable latency.
 Lack of overall skills required for rapid transformation in the fourth industrial revolution . Lack of commitment from top management
 Inadequate qualification of staff.
 Conclusion
The growing use of the industrial internet of things is referred to as industry 4.0 by
bosch and Germany. Its applications include machines that can predict failure and self-
repair and self-adjust to Unexpected changes. Industry 4.0digitization in academia and
research and development is Sponsored by what is known as innovation 4.0.
In 2017, the materials innovation factory (MIF) was
Inaugurated at the university of liver pool as an $81 million center for computer-aided
Manufacturing where robotic formulation, data capture and modeling are used in
development Work.