THIS IS YOUR

PRESENTATION
TITLE
COUNSELING
AND ITS
PROCESSES,
METHODS,
AND TOOLS
LESSON OUTLINE
◈ CLASSIC THEORIES
◈ EXPERIENTIAL THEORIES
◈ COGNITIVE-BEHAVIORAL THEORIES: RATIONAL EMOTIVE
BEHAVIOR AND TRANSACTION ANALYSIS

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Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory
The ultimate goal of psychoanalytic treatment is to
increase adaptive functioning, which involves the
reduction of symptoms and the resolution of conflicts.
Two goals of Freudian psychoanalytic therapy are to
make the unconscious conscious and to strengthen the
ego so that behavior is based more on reality and less
on instinctual cravings or irrational guilt.

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◈ “Blank-screen” approach.
◈ Transference
◈ Countertransference
◈ Free Association
◈ Dream Analysis
◈ Interpretation

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Adler's Individual Psychology
Birth Order and Sibling Relationships
The Adlerian approach is unique in giving special attention to
the relationships between siblings and the psychological birth
position in one’s family. Adler identified five psychological
positions, or vantage points, from which children tend to view
life: oldest, second of only two, middle, youngest, and only.
Birth order is not a deterministic concept but does increase an
individual’s probability of having a certain set of experiences.

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◈ The oldest child generally receives a good deal of
attention, and during the time she is the only child, she is
typically somewhat spoiled as the center of attention.
◈ The second child of only two is in a different position.
From the time she is born, she shares the attention with
another child. The typical second child behaves as if she
were in a race and is generally under full steam at all
times.
◈ The middle child often feels squeezed out. This child may
become convinced of the unfairness of life and feel
cheated. This person may assume a “poor me” attitude
and can become a problem child. 9
◈ The youngest child is always the baby of the family and
tends to be the most pampered one. Because of being
pampered or spoiled, he may develop helplessness into an
art form and become expert at putting others in his
service.
◈ The only child has a problem of her own. Although she
shares some of the characteristics of the oldest child (for
example, a high achievement drive), she may not learn to
share or cooperate with other children.

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The basic goal of the Adlerian approach is to help clients identify
and change their mistaken beliefs about, self, others, and life and
thus to participate more fully in a social world. Clients are not
viewed as psychologically sick but as discouraged. The therapeutic
process helps individuals become aware of their patterns and make
some basic changes in their style of living, which lead to changes in
the way they feel and behave. The role of the family in the
development of the individual is emphasized. Therapy is a
cooperative venture that challenges clients to translate their insights
into action in the real world.
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Jung's Analytic Psychology

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Roger’s Person Centered Approach
The person-centered approach shares many concepts and values
with the existential perspective basic assumptions are that people
are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for
understanding themselves and resolving their own problems
without direct intervention on the therapist’s part, and that they
are capable of self-directed growth if they are involved in a
specific kind of therapeutic relationship.

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The person-centered approach aims toward the
client achieving a greater degree of independence
and integration. Its focus is on the person, not on
the person’s presenting problem. Rogers did not
believe the goal of therapy was merely to solve
problems. Rather, the goal is to assist clients in
their growth process so clients can better cope
with problems as they identify them.
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Gestalt Therapy

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 PROCESSES IN COUNSELING

Stage One: Relationship Building

Stage Two: Assessment and Diagnosis
Stage Three: Formulation of Counseling Goals
Stage Four: Intervention and Problem-solving
Stage Five: Termination and Follow-up
Stage Six: Research and Evaluation 16
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◈ Evaluation and Accountability -
assessing the effectiveness

◈ Prevention - social-psychological
perspective

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 COMPETENCIES OF COUNSELORS
Interpersonal Skills Personal Beliefs and Attitudes

are the behaviors and capacity to accept others

tactics a person uses to
interact with others
effectively

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Conceptual Ability Personal Soundness

ability to understand and must have no irrational beliefs

assess the client’s problem

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Mastery of Techniques Ability to understand and
work within social system
ability to assess the
effectiveness of awareness of family and work
interventions relationships of the client

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Openness to learning and inquiry

curious about clients’ backgrounds and problems

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CAREER OPPORTUNITIES AND AREAS OF
SPECIALIZATION OF COUNSELORS

Marriage and Family Counseling Child and Adolescent Counseling

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Group Counseling Career Counseling
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School Counseling Mental Health Counseling
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AND TABLES TO COMPARE DATA

A B C

Yellow 10 20 7

Blue 30 15 10

Orange 5 24 16

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MAPS

our office

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89,526,124
Whoa! That’s a big number, aren’t you proud?

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 That’s a lot
89,526,124$ of money

And a lot of
185,244 users users

Total
100% success!
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OUR PROCESS IS EASY

first second last

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LET’S REVIEW SOME CONCEPTS
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Yellow
Is the color of gold, butter and
ripe lemons. In the spectrum of
visible light, yellow is found
between green and orange.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky
and the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Blue
Is the colour of the clear sky
and the deep sea. It is located
between violet and green on the
optical spectrum.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been associated
with sacrifice, danger and
courage.
Red
Is the color of blood, and
because of this it has
historically been associated
with sacrifice, danger and
courage.
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