APA In-Text Citation and References (Final) 2

APA IN-TEXT CITATION
AND REFERENCES LIST

WEEK 4 TUTORIAL 2
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Using Sources –
Research and
Documentation
Official (Closed) - Non Sensitive
Lesson Objectives
 Be introduced to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

(APA), 7th Edition
 Have an overview of how to use in-text citation (ITC) and how to integrate sources in
writing
 Have an overview of how to create a reference list
 Learn how to use quotations
 Learn how to paraphrase or summarise from a source
 Understand how to create a reference entry for these commonly used sources – books,
journal articles, newspaper, magazine articles, government publications, web sources
 Practice your understanding of the lesson through a mock test

For AY 2021 Apr Sem
Why are citations necessary?
 To show your reader that you have done proper research by

listing sources you used to get your information
 To allow your reader to track down the sources you used by
citing them accurately in your paper by way of footnotes, a
bibliography or reference list
 To be a responsible scholar by giving credit to other
researchers and acknowledging their ideas
 To avoid plagiarism by quoting words and ideas used by other
authors
(MIT libraries, 2019)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What is APA style?
 APA stands for American Psychological Association and is a

common formatting style for essays and papers in the social
sciences. APA style has unique formats for in-text citations and
reference pages.
 Its style and guidelines increase the ease of reading
comprehension for viewers as well as ensure consistent
presentation of content and written material.
(Easybib, 2019)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

APA Style (Seventh Edition) covers elements such as:
 Punctuation and abbreviations Some resources for you to learn about

APA Style:
• The APA Style Manual
 Construction of tables • “Learning APA Style” section in the
official APA Style website –
 Selection of headings https://apastyle.apa.org/instructional-aids
/reference-guide.pdf
 Presentation of statistics, and • Official APA Style blog

http://blog.apastyle.org/
• APA Formatting and Style Guide
 CREDITING SOURCES (OWL)
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and
_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_
style_guide/general_format.html
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What are In-text Citations? (Example)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What is a References list? (Example)
References
Arnott, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in

Psychological Science, 11(3), 7-10.
Bovee, C. L., & Thill, J. V. (2012). Business communication today. Pearson.
Dabashi, H. (2012). The Arab population. The Arab Spring: The end of postcolonialism.
Zed Books.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

The APA Format: ITC + References
 In-Text Citation (ITC) References

 briefly identifies the  Each reference gives full
source details of the source
 within the essay text identified by the ITC
 All references must be listed
at the end of the essay
Rule: each and every in-text citation must have a

corresponding References list entry, and vice versa
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
APA Style –
In-text
Citation
(ITC)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Cite When You…
 Use a direct quote from someone else

 Give a summary of someone else’s ideas
 Paraphrase someone else’s ideas
 Insert information (such as a picture, a table or some
statistics) from elsewhere
(Queensland University of Technology, 2011)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

BASIC ITC RULES
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

In-text Citation Introduction
 APA Style citation uses the author-date system
 Allows readers to find sources cited in text in the end-text

References list, where each source is listed alphabetically
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Examples of in-text citations
According to Stephens (1992), “a mode of reading which

locates the reader only within the text is disabling, and leaves Quotation
readers susceptible to gross forms of intellectual
manipulation” (p. 4). Likewise, research indicates that texts
greatly influence young readers (Crieghton, 1997).
Summary
Cadiero-Kaplan and Smith (2002) explained that functional

literacy refers to the basic ability to read and write well
enough to understand signs, ads, and newspaper headlines; to Paraphrase
make shopping lists; to write checks, and to fill out job
applications.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

In-text Citation Basics
 To insert a citation in text, include the following information to the

sentence or paragraph:
 Author’s family name (surname) or name of the corporate author
(organisation, government department, etc.)
 Year of publication — look for the copyright symbol © in the source.
This is usually in the front pages of a book or at the bottom of an internet
page.
 Depending on type of source cited, you may also need to include other
information, such as the page number.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

In-text Citation Basics
 In-text citation can be done in 2 ways – either as an

integral citation or a non-integral citation.
 An integral citation is named as such because it is integrated into
the structure of the sentence itself
 A non-integral citation is named as such because it sits apart

from the structure of the sentence
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Integral Citation
1. Inserted at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph
2. Author (year) format:

Example:
Baron (1998) also notes the emails, apart from being stylistically informal, usually
tend to be shorter than telephone exchanges and often dispense with conventional
opening and closing routines.
Note: for integral citations, only the publication year is

within the parentheses
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Non-integral Citation
1. Inserted at the middle or end of the sentence.

2. Less likely to interrupt the information flow of the sentence.
Example:
Note: the full-
stop comes
For the interviewees, these concepts seemed to refer to language strategies on the
one after
handthe ITC
(Planken, 2005) and to what we know as effective business communication strategies
(Munter, 2007).
Note: for non-integral citations, the author and publication

year are both within the parentheses
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

More than one author?
 Follow the sequence of names as given in the source
 For two authors (example):
Integral: Research by Tan and Lee (1981) illustrates that...
Non-integral: (Tan & Lee, 1981)
 For three or more authors (example):
Integral: Research by Tan et al. (1981) illustrates that...
Non-integral: (Tan et al., 1981)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

How to use short quotations?
Short quotations
 If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of
publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p."). Introduce the
quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of
publication in parentheses. Use double quotation marks to enclose the quotation.
Two examples of using quotation:

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it
was their first time" (p. 199).
This is the signal phrase
OR
Jones (1998) found that "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what
implications does this have for teachers?
(
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_c
itations_the_basics.html

(continued)
 If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last
name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses
after the quotation.
Example:
She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 1998,
p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.
Non-integral citation
(
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in_text_c
itations_the_basics.html
)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

(continued)
 For a quotation, insert the page number where the phrase or sentences are to be found in
the original work.
Two examples: Integral citation
Prosser (2012) believes “technology in schools should be used in a developmentally

appropriate way and support learning activities” (p. 145).
Note: the full-stop comes after the page number
OR
In one study, “intentional and persistent bullying has been found in children as young as four
years old” (Lee, 2009, p. 276) and this seems to have a long-term impact on the
socialization of these children.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

How to use block quotations?
 Place direct quotations that are 40 words or longer in a free-standing block of

typewritten lines and omit quotation marks. Start the quotation on a new line,
indented 1/2 inch from the left margin, i.e., in the same place you would begin a
new paragraph.
 Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any
subsequent paragraph within the quotation 1/2 inch from the new margin.
 Maintain double-spacing throughout. The parenthetical citation should come after

the closing punctuation mark (see example on the next slide).
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

How to use block quotations?

(continued)
Block quotation example:

Jones's (1998) study found the following:
Students often had difficulty using APA style,
especially when it was their first time citing sources.
This difficulty could be attributed to the fact that
many students failed to purchase a style manual or
to ask their teacher for help. (p. 199)
Note: for block quotes, the full-stop comes

Note: entire quotation before the page number
indented by ½ inch
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
Paraphrases or Summaries
 If you are paraphrasing an idea from another work, cite only the author and year of
publication in your in-text citation; do not include the page number.
Two examples of using paraphrasing:
Tan (2002) found that children who are exposed to a literacy-rich environment are
likely to view books positively.
OR
Integral citation
Children who are exposed to a literacy-rich environment are likely to view books
positively (Tan, 2002).
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
Paraphrases or Summaries
(continued)
More examples of using paraphrasing:
According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation

format for first-time learners.
OR
APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners

(Jones, 1998).
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Two or More Works by the Same

Author in the Same Year
 Lower-case letters (a, b, c) with the year will be used to order the entries in the
reference list (alphabetically by the title of the article or chapter).
 Use the lower-case letters with the year in the in-text citation.
 Research by Berndt (1981a) illustrated that...
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Two or More Works in a Non-

integral Citation
 Order them alphabetically, separated by a semi-colon.

 (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Secondary Citations (or Secondary

References)
 Name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your
References list and include the secondary source in the in-text citation. Include the
year of the original source, if known.
Integral: Johnson (1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p. 102) showed that…
Non-integral: (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).
Always try to read and cite the original source directly, if possible. Only do secondary
citations where the original source cannot be accessed.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Citing Works without Dates
 For works without dates, place the abbreviation ‘n.d.’ (for no date) in place of
the year for in-text citations and the reference list.
Integral Citation Non-integral Citation

Bovill (n.d.) defines… ….. (Bovill, n.d.).
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Citing Personal Communication
Integral Citation Non-integral Citation
Tan (personal communication, January …(Tan, personal communication,

28, 2017) says… January 28, 2017).
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

APA Style –
References
List
IMAGE COURTESY OF IIRCAULILIBRARY.COM
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing:
Books
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing Rules: Capitalizing & Italicizing (Books)
When referencing books,

Capitalize:
 The first word of the book title
 The first word after a colon (:) or dash (-)
 Proper nouns (e.g. Babylon)
Italicize:
 The title (and subtitle) of the book
Example:
Clason, G. S. (2008). The richest man in Babylon: A tale of two cities.

Pearson.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing Rules: Books
When referencing books, you will need the following information:

1. Author
2. Book title, including subtitle (if any)
3. Publisher name
4. Year of publication
5. Print Edition
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

SAMPLE BOOK
Title
Book
Title
Subtitle
Subtitle (if any)
Print Edition
Book
Title
Author’s Book
name Title
Publisher’s
name Book
Title
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Date of
Publication
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Book
Examples:
Stoneman, R. (2008). Alexander the Great: A life in legend. Yale University Press.
Newman, W. L. (2011). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative

approaches (7th ed.). Pearson.
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Book Title: Subtitle (Edition other than first).
Publisher.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing:
Periodicals
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What are periodicals?
Periodicals include:
1. Newspapers
2. Magazines
3. Scholarly journals
which can be in print or online form
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

(https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/747/0)
Referencing Rules: Capitalizing & Italicizing (Periodicals)
When referencing periodicals,

Capitalize:
 All major words in the title of the periodical
Italicize:
 The title of the periodical
 The volume number
Example:
Tseng, V. (2006). Unpacking immigration in youths’ academic and

occupational pathways. Child Development and Growth, 77(5), 1434-
1445.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing Rules: Periodicals
When referencing periodicals, you will need

1. Author
2. Title of article
3. Title of the periodical (e.g. journal, newspaper, magazine)
4. Volume and issue number of the periodical
5. Date of publication
6. Page numbers of the article
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing
Periodicals:
Scholarly
Journal Articles
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

SAMPLE JOURNAL ARTICLE
Journal Title,
Volume
Number, Issue
Number, Date
of publication,
page number,
DOI (not
Article Title Author’s name always given)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Journal Article (print)
Example:
Tseng, V. (2006). Unpacking immigration in youths’ academic and occupational
pathways. Child Development, 77(5), 1434-1445.
This example assumes no DOI is available

Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.
https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Include the DOI, if available
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Journal Article (online)
Example:
Drollinger, T., Comer, L. B., & Warrington, P. T. (2006). Development and
validation of the active empathetic listening scale. Psychology &
Marketing, 23(2), 161-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20105
Format:
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages.
https://doi.org/xx.xxx/yyyy
Include the DOI, if available; otherwise, use the

stable URL for that article provided by the
journal/web site
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
Referencing
Periodicals:
Newspaper
Articles
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

NEWSPAPER (PRINT)
Section Name of
Number newspaper,
date
Article title
Author
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Newspaper (print) Article

(single page)
Example:
Goh, N. M. (2016, July 15). Society must free ex-offenders from ‘second
prison’. The Straits Times, A30.
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Newspaper, Section
Number.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Newspaper (print) Article (if

on multiple pages)
Examples:
prison’. The Straits Times, A30-A31.
prison’. The Straits Times, A30, A32.
prison’. The Straits Times, A30, A32-A33.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

NEWSPAPER (ONLINE) - SAMPLE
URL address
Name of
newspaper
Article title
Author,
Date of publication
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Newspaper (online) Article
Example:
Toh, Y. C. (2017, April 30). I will never walk again: Injured foreign worker’s
journey home to China. The Straits Times.
http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/manpower/i-will-never-walk-again-
injured-foreign-workers-journey-home-to-china
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year of publication, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Online
Newspaper. Full URL
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing
Periodicals:
Magazine
Articles
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Date of
MAGAZINE (PRINT) publication
Title of
article Title of magazine
Author
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Magazine (print) Article
Example:
Wee, L. W. (2013, March). No one stands alone, no one walks alone. GP Buzz,
42(3), 2-4.
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume
number(issue number), pages.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

MAGAZINE (ONLINE)
URL address
Name of
magazine
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Magazine (online) Article
Example:
Goldberg, S. (2017, May 8). Genius takes many forms. It’s time we
recognized them all. National Geographic, 42(3).
http://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2017/05/editors-note-
genius-einstein/
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of article. Title of Magazine, volume
number(issue number). Full URL
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing:
Government
Publications
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Report title
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (PRINT)
Title of
publication
Corporate
Author/Publisher
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
Referencing a Government Report (print)
Example:
Ministry of Social and Family Development. (2016). Enabling masterplan 2: Progress
report 2012-2016. Ministry of Social and Family Development.
Format:
Government Agency. (Year). Title of document/report. Publisher.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing a Government Report (web

page)
Example:
Ministry of Social and Family Development. (2016). Enabling masterplan 2: Progress
report 2012-2016. https://msf.gov.sg/assets/123/4567.pdf
Format:
Government Agency. (Year). Title of web page/report. Full URL
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing:
Electronic
Databases
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Where to access electronic articles in NP
E-resources in NP online library: http://www.np.edu.sg/library
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Articles from electronic databases (e.g.,

ERIC, UpToDate, JSTOR)
Articles without DOI - provide the database/URL address
Examples:
Perreault, L. (2019). Obesity in adults: Role of physical activity and
exercise. UpToDate. Retrieved January 12, 2020,
from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/obesity-in-adults-role-of-physical-
activity-and-exercise
Wang, C. L. (2016). Towards self-realisation: Exploring the ecological self for

education. Educational Philosophy and Theory, 48(12), 1256-1265. Retrieved
March 21, 2020, from https://eric.ed.gov/?+self-+Exploring+the realisation
%3Aecological+self+for+%09education
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Articles from electronic databases (e.g.,

ERIC, UpToDate, JSTOR)
Articles with DOI - similar referencing format to online journal articles
(see slide “Referencing a Journal Article (online)”) (slide #46)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing:
Web Pages
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

URL address
Article title
Article title
Author’s name and date
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing Web Pages
Example:
Teo, K. (2009, April 14). Of migration and the Singaporean diaspora. Kent Ridge
Common. http://kentridgecommon.com/of-migration-and-the-singaporean-
diaspora/
Format:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of web page. Website name. Full URL
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Organization as Web Page Author
Article title
Author
Title of article
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Referencing Web Pages

(Organization as Author)
Example:
World Wide Fund for Nature. (2020, January 21). Inconsistent showing by
Singapore brands on global palm oil ranking. https://www.wwf.sg/?
uNewsID=358671
Format:
Organization name. (Year, Month Date). Title of page. Web site name. Full
URL
Note: if the author and web site name are the same, then web site name does not need to be
included (see example above)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Formatting your
References
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What a References list looks like
Heading: centred, NOT underlined,

References NOT boldfaced, NOT in italics
Adkins, L. & Adkins, R. A. (1998). Handbook to life in ancient Rome. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc.
Double line spacing
Gruen, E. S. (1989). The world book encyclopedia (15th ed.). Washington, DC: World Book Encyclopedia.
Höcker, C. (1997). Ancient Rome: An illustrated historical overview. New York, NY: Barron’s Educational
Series, Inc.
UNRV History (n.d.). Roman empire: Roman slavery. Retrieved from http://www.unrv.com/culture/roman-
Half-inch hanging indent from second line
slavery.php
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Sort by Alphabetical Order of Surnames/Titles
Some entries might use organization or article title as author
Bite-size pasta trivia mamma never told you. (n.d.). Italy: Food
and fun. Retrieved July 15, 2004, from http://www.italyfoodandfun.org

If 2 authors have same surname, then use initials to sort them
Brown, A. S. (2004). King of the kitchen. London, England: Sun Publishers.
Brown, P. R. (1995). All about bread. Boston, MA: Jinxie Inc.
Browning, A. R. (1991). Cook smart. Glasgow, Scotland: Heinemann.
Cabby, G. (2001). Sauces. Sydney, Australia: Kangaroo Press.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Putting it
together:
ITCs &
References
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Putting it together: ITC & Reference
In-text citation:
“Globalization is an effort by businesses to reach across international
borders to market their products, partner with other businesses, and employ
staff” (Bovee & Thill, 2012, p.132).
End-text reference:
Bovee, C. L., & Thill, J. V. (2012). Business communication today.
Pearson.
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Dos and Don’ts
Dos:
 Only use credible sources.
 Keep a running list of reference as you do your research.
 When in doubt, cite.
Don’ts:
 Avoid using automated references sites such as citation machines as there are
flaws within the citations
 Don’t attempt to pass off other people’s ideas as yours without proper citations
and referencing (that’s considered as plagiarism)
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
In-text
Citation
(ITC) and
References
List Exercise
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

APA MOCK TEST
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Reminder to students
Don’t forget to complete your APA mock test and
mark your attendance on MeL for this lesson by
11:59pm today
FOR AY 2021 APR SEM

FAQs
1. How do you cite website materials with no author or date?

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/
apa_formatting_and_style_guide/general_apa_faqs.html
2. How do you cite a YouTube video?
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/
apa_formatting_and_style_guide/reference_list_electronic_sources.html
3. How do you cite lecture notes?
https://libguides.jcu.edu.au/apa/class-material
4. How do you cite an online dictionary?
https://libguides.css.edu/APA7thEd/Dictionary
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Useful Resources
Purdue Owl APA Style guide

 https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting
_and_style_guide/general_format.html
The official APA Style website
 https://apastyle.apa.org/products/publication-manual-7th-edition
Victoria University
 https://libraryguides.vu.edu.au/apa-referencing/7GettingStarted
Curtin University
 https://libguides.library.curtin.edu.au/apa-7
University of Newcastle
 https://libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

Useful Resources
APA Manual 7th edition: The most notable changes

https://www.scribbr.com/apa-style/apa-seventh-edition-changes/
APA 7th edition

https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and
_style_guide/apa_changes_7th_edition.html
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and
_style_guide/in_text_citations_the_basics.html
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Style and grammar guidelines.

https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines
EasyBib. (2018). What is APA? http://www.easybib.com/guides/citation-guides/apa-

format/what-is-apa/
Massachusetts Institute of technology. (2019). Citing sources: Overview.

https://libguides.mit.edu/citing
Purdue Online Writing Lab. (2020). APA formatting and style guide.
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_
style_guide/general_format.html
For AY 2021 Apr Sem
References
Queensland University of Technology. (2011). Your introductory guide to citing,

referencing and academic writing at QUT. http://www.citewrite.qut.edu.au/
The University of Melbourne Library. (n.d.). APA 6th general style notes.
http://www.lib.unimelb.edu.au/recite/citations/apa6/generalNotesPopup.html
University of Toronto Libraries. (2014). Citing Sources / Create Your Bibliography.

http://guides.library.utoronto.ca/ content.php?pid=380993&sid=3121868
For AY 2021 Apr Sem

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APA IN-TEXT CITATION

AND REFERENCES LIST

For AY 2021 Apr Sem

 Be introduced to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

 Have an overview of how to create a reference list

 Learn how to use quotations

 Learn how to paraphrase or summarise from a source

 Practice your understanding of the lesson through a mock test

Why are citations necessary?

 To show your reader that you have done proper research by

For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What is APA style?

 APA stands for American Psychological Association and is a

For AY 2021 Apr Sem

APA Style (Seventh Edition) covers elements such as:

 Punctuation and abbreviations Some resources for you to learn about

 Presentation of statistics, and • Official APA Style blog

For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What are In-text Citations? (Example)

For AY 2021 Apr Sem

What is a References list? (Example)

Arnott, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in

Bovee, C. L., & Thill, J. V. (2012). Business communication today. Pearson.

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The APA Format: ITC + References

 In-Text Citation (ITC) References

Rule: each and every in-text citation must have a

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Cite When You…

 Use a direct quote from someone else

(Queensland University of Technology, 2011)

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In-text Citation Introduction

 APA Style citation uses the author-date system

 Allows readers to find sources cited in text in the end-text

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Examples of in-text citations

According to Stephens (1992), “a mode of reading which

Cadiero-Kaplan and Smith (2002) explained that functional

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In-text Citation Basics

 To insert a citation in text, include the following information to the

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In-text Citation Basics

 In-text citation can be done in 2 ways – either as an

 A non-integral citation is named as such because it sits apart

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1. Inserted at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph

2. Author (year) format:

Note: for integral citations, only the publication year is

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1. Inserted at the middle or end of the sentence.

Note: for non-integral citations, the author and publication

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More than one author?

 Follow the sequence of names as given in the source

 For two authors (example):

Integral: Research by Tan and Lee (1981) illustrates that...