General Chemistry

BIO135 General Chemistry

Course Objectives: -
 
This course aims to acquaint the students with basic concepts of Chemistry.
 
Course Contents: -

This is a foundation course. The course will describe the periodic table nature of chemical
bonding; state of matter; properties of solutions; chemical reactivity; acid, bases; oxidation
reduction reactions, chemical kinetics and hydrocarbons; organic chemicals and polymers; the
chemistry of life. The course has a lab which will be conducted weakly to further reinforce the
concepts to be taught in the class room sessions.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid
 Atomic and Molecular Perspective

•Matter – Anything that has mass and occupies

space.
•Atom – The smallest stable building block of matter.

•Molecule – Groups of atoms held together with a

specific connectivity and shape.
• Composition - the types of atoms that are present in a compound
and the ratio of these atoms (for example H2O, C2H6O).
• Structure -
how atoms are connected (bonded) to each other,
how far apart they are, and the shape of the molecule.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

Methods of Classification of Matter

• State of Matter - physical state is gas, liquid, or solid

• Composition of Matter - element, compound, or mixture

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

 States of Matter
1)Gas (vapor) – has no fixed volume or shape, uniformly expands to fill
its container, compressible, flows readily, diffusion occurs rapidly.

2)Liquid - has a distinct volume independent of its container, assumes

the shape of the portion of the container it occupies, not significantly
compressible, diffusion occurs but slower than a gas.

3) Solid - has both a definite shape and definite volume, not

significantly compressible, diffusion occurs extremely slowly.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

But what happens if you raise the
temperature to super-high levels…
between
1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ?

Will everything
just be a gas?
 STATES OF MATTER

PLASMA
 A plasma is an ionized gas.

 A plasma is a very good

conductor of electricity and is
affected by magnetic fields.

 Plasmas, like gases have an

indefinite shape and an
indefinite volume.
The Sun is an example of a star in its
plasma state
STATES OF MATTER

SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA

Tightly packed, in a Close together with Well separated with Has no definite
regular pattern no regular no regular volume or shape
Vibrate, but do not arrangement. arrangement. and is composed of
move from place to Vibrate, move Vibrate and move electrical charged
place about, and slide freely at high particles
past each other speeds
 Elements, Compounds & Mixtures
Pure Substance: Matter that has a fixed composition and distinct properties.
All pure substances are either elements or compounds.

Elements: All atoms are the same kind, elements have only one type of atom.
e.g. oxygen (O2), gold (Au), silicon (Si) and diamond (C).

Compounds: Contains more than one type of atom, but all molecules (or
repeat units) are the same, e.g. water (H2O), ethanol (C2H6O), quartz (SiO2),
sodium chloride (NaCl).

Mixture: Have variable composition and can be separated into component parts
by physical methods. Mixtures contain more than one kind of molecule, and their
properties depend on the relative amount of each component present in the
mixture.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid
Homogeneous & Heterogeneous Mixtures
The composition is variable for both heterogeneous and homogeneous
mixtures.
Heterogeneous Mixture - non-uniform. Chocolate Chip Cookie –
Chocolate, dough, etc. Concrete – Cement, rocks, etc.

Homogeneous Mixture – uniform throughout, also called a solution.

Air – Principle components include O2, N2 & CO2

Brass – solid solution of Cu and Zn

Ruby – solid solution of Al2O3 and Cr2O3

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid
Relative abundances of elements in the Earth’s crust and human body.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

Elements are represented as symbols with one or two
letters; the first is always capitalized .

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

Elements can interact with other elements to form compounds, and
compounds can be decomposed into elements.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

 Chemical and Physical Properties

Physical Properties: Some properties can be readily measured with our senses, e.g. odor and color,
instruments are needed to measure other properties, such as electrical resistivity, hardness, melting point,
boiling point, density, mass, volume, etc.

Chemical Properties Describe the reactivity of a substance toward other substances. Examples include:
Ethanol burns in air (reacts with oxygen) Sodium reacts vigorously with water, Corrosion of
metal parts (rust), Trinitrotoluene (TNT) is explosive.

Physical changes are changes in matter that do not change the composition of a substance.
– Examples include changes of state, temperature, and volume.

Chemical changes result in new substances.

– Examples include reactions: combustion, oxidation, tarnishing, and decomposition.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

• Intensive Properties:
□ Independent of the amount of the substance that is present.
• Density, temperature, melting point, boiling point, hardness, color, etc.

• Extensive Properties:
□ Dependent upon the amount of the substance present.
• Mass, volume, energy, etc.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid
What are three subatomic particles?

Protons, electrons, and neutrons are subatomic particles.

General Chemistry -Dr. Ramla Shahid

 Properties of Subatomic Particles

Protons

A proton is a positively charged subatomic particle that is found in the

nucleus of an atom. Each proton is assigned a charge of 1+. Each
nucleus must contain at least one proton.

Electrons

An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that is found in

the space outside the nucleus. Each electron has a charge of 1.
 Properties of Subatomic Particles
Neutrons
A neutron is a neutral subatomic particle that is found in the nucleus of an
atom. It has a mass almost exactly equal to that of a proton.
Q. What properties can be used to compare protons, electrons, and
neutrons?

Protons, electrons, and neutrons can be distinguished by

mass,
charge,
and
location in an atom.
Comparing Subatomic Particles
Everything scientists know about subatomic particles is
based on how the particles behave in experiments.
Scientists still do not have an instrument that can show
the inside of an atom.
Comparing Subatomic Particles

Here are some similarities and differences between protons, electrons,

and neutrons.

• Protons and neutrons have almost the same mass. About 2000 electrons equal
the mass of one proton.

• An electron has a charge that is equal in size to, but the opposite of, the charge
of a proton. Neutrons have no charge.

• Protons and neutrons are found in the nucleus. Electrons are found in the
space outside the nucleus.
Atomic Number and Mass Number

How are atoms of one element different from atoms of other elements?

Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons.

Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atomic Number
• The atomic number of an element is the number of protons in
an atom of that element.

• All atoms of any given element have the same atomic number.
Each hydrogen atom has one proton in its nucleus. Hydrogen is
assigned the atomic number 1.

• Each element has a unique atomic number.

Atomic Number and Mass Number
Each element has a different atomic number. A
The atomic number of sulfur (S) is 16.
B The atomic number of iron (Fe) is 26.
C The atomic number of silver (Ag) is 47.
 Atomic Number and Mass Number

Atoms are neutral, so each positive charge in an atom is balanced by a

negative charge. That means the atomic number of an element also
equals the number of electrons in an atom of that element.

• Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1, so a hydrogen atom has 1 electron.

• Sulfur has an atomic number of 16, so a sulfur atom has 16 electrons.

 Atomic Number and Mass Number
Mass Number
The mass number of an atom is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of that atom. To find the number of neutrons in an atom, you need the
mass number of the atom and its atomic number.

The atomic number of aluminum is 13. An atom of aluminum that has a mass
number of 27 has 13 protons and 14 neutrons
 Isotopes

What is the difference between two isotopes of the same

element?

Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but

different mass numbers because they have different numbers
of neutrons.
 Isotopes

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons and different mass numbers.

To distinguish one isotope from another, the isotopes are referred by their mass
numbers. For example, oxygen has 3 isotopes: oxygen-16, oxygen-17, and
oxygen-18.

All three oxygen isotopes can react with hydrogen to form water or combine
with iron to form rust.
 Isotopes

With most elements, it is hard to notice any differences in the physical or

chemical properties of their isotopes. Hydrogen is an exception.

Protium: Hydrogen-1 has no neutrons. (Almost all hydrogen is hydrogen-1.)

Deuterium: Hydrogen-2 has one neutron,
Tritum: hydrogen-3 has two neutrons.

Because a hydrogen-1 atom has only one proton, adding a neutron doubles
its mass.
 Isotopes

Water that contains hydrogen-2 atoms in place of hydrogen-1 atoms is called

heavy water. Hydrogen-2 atoms have twice the mass of hydrogen-1 atoms, so
the properties of heavy water are different from the properties of ordinary
water.