Hybridization

1. The mixing of atomic orbitals to form special

orbitals for bonding.

2. The atoms are responding as needed to give

the minimum energy for the molecule.

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The four bonds around C are of equal length and Energy
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 Can you explain this based on your knowledge of electron energy levels?

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C
1s2
2s2 2p2

Bonding from s is different from

bonding From p. In addition to that
Angles should be within 900!

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• How to generate four equal orbitals?

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 Hint:

A key to wave mechanics is

superposition
Which is creating new waves from interference of old ones

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 Hybridization

Ground state of C 1s2 2s2 sp2

s px py pz

Promote electron at n=22s12p3

s px py pz

Hybridize at n=2 sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3

sp3 sp3 sp3 sp3

Four sp3 orbitals of equal length, energy and in tetrahedral shape

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An energy-level diagram showing the
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formation of four sp orbitals.

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Let’s do some mixing

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 2
An orbital energy-level diagram for sp
hybridization. Note that one p orbital remains
unchanged.

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 When an s and two p orbitals are mixed to form a set
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of three sp orbitals, one p orbital remains unchanged
and is perpendicular to the plane of the hybrid orbitals.

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(a) The orbitals used to form the bonds in
ethylene. (b) The Lewis structure for ethylene.

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The s bonds in ethylene. Note that for each bond the
shared electron pair occupies the region directly between
the atoms.

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 The orbital energy-level diagram for the
formation of sp hybrid orbitals on carbon.

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 When one s orbital and one p orbital are
hybridized, a set of two sp orbitals oriented at
180 degrees results.

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The orbitals of an sp hybridized
carbon atom.

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 2
The orbital arrangement for an sp hybridized
oxygen atom to form CO2.

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O 1s22s22p4

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The hybrid orbitals in the CO2 molecule.

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 (a) The orbitals used to form the bonds in carbon dioxide. Note
that the carbon-oxygen double bonds each consist of one s bond
and one p bond. (b) The Lewis structure for carbon dioxide.

2sp orbitals from C to form two double bonds

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(a) An sp hybridized nitrogen atom. (b) The s bond in the N2 molecule.
(c) The two p bonds in N2 are formed when electron pairs are shared
between two sets of parallel p orbitals. (d) The total bonding picture for
N2 .

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 Sigma () and Pi Bonds ()

Single bond 1 sigma bond

Double bond 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

Triple bond 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

How many  and  bonds are in the acetic acid
(vinegar) molecule CH3COOH?

H
O

 bonds = 6 +1=7
H C C O H
 bonds = 1

H
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10.5
How to generate more than 4
bonds?

• Remember the PCl5, SF6, etc…

• The s and 3p can generate 4 orbitals

• Include d orbitals to generate more!

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s p p p d d d d d

Hybridize 1s and 3p and 1d

Result in 5 dsp orbitals

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1 2 3 4 5

dsp3 dsp3 dsp3 dsp3 dsp3

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P15

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 A set of dsp3 hybrid orbitals on a phosphorus atom.
Note that the set of five dsp3 orbitals has a trigonal bipyramidal
arrangement. (Each dsp3 orbital also has a small lobe that is not
shown in this diagram.)

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(a) The PCl5 molecule. (b) The orbitals used to form the bonds in PCl5.
The phosphorus uses a set of five dsp3 orbitals to share electron pairs
with sp3 orbitals on the five chlorine atoms. The other sp3 orbitals on
each chlorine atom hold lone pairs.

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 How to form 6 orbitals?

s p p p d d d d d

Hybridize 1s and 3p and 2d

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Result in d2sp3 orbitals
1 2 3 4 5 6

d2sp3 ds2p3 d2sp3 d2sp3 d2sp3 d2sp3

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 S 16

All the bonds in SF6 molecule are sigma bonds . All sp3d2 orbitals overlap with 2pz orbitals of Fluorine.
      
And the structure and bond length of SF6 is ;

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The relationship of
the number of
effective pairs,
their spatial
arrangement, and
the hybrid orbital
set required.

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