natural

sciences 6
Reflection
It’s produced when rays of light hit the surface of solid or
liquid matter and change direction.
Gas matter: It is transparent. It DOESN’T REFLECT LIGHT.
Liquid matter: It usually has a smooth, reflective surface.

Solid matter: It usually has a rougher surface. They REFLECT

LIGHT, BUT DON’T PRODUCE A REFLECTION.
Reflection and diffusion
When light hits a rough surface, it’s reflected irregularly.
Irregular reflection of light is called diffusion.

When light hits a smooth

surface, it’s reflected regularly.
 Mixtures
They can be…
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
It has a consistent colour and It has a varied colour and
texture. texture.
We cannot distinguish its We can see its different
different parts. components.

It’s H
O MOG
Is air homogeneous ENEO
US!
or heterogeneous?
Solution
• Homogeneous mixture
• One or more liquids + one or more other substances.

(SOLVENTS) (SOLUTES)

Seawater is a solution.
Water = solvent
Salt = solute
How mixtures are separated
An insoluble solid from a mixture.
The mixture passes through a filter.
The solid is trapped.
What is this technique called?
FILTRATION
A liquid from a solution.
A liquid from another liquid.
They are heated and separated
when they evaporate (they
have different boiling points).
What is this technique called? DISTILLATION
How mixtures are separated
A soluble solid from a solution.
Using evaporation. The liquid
evaporates and the solid stays.
What is this technique called?
EVAPORATION
A soluble solid from an insoluble one.
The soluble solid is dissolved.
The insoluble one is separated by filtration.
The soluble one is separated by evaporation.
What is this technique called?
DISSOLUTION
Chemical changes
Two or more substances combine chemically.
They can:
produce heat (EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS) or
absorb heat (ENDOTHERMIC REACTIONS).

The combination of oxygen with a fuel:

COMBUSTION
Oxidation
An atom loses one or more electrons to oxygen atoms.
There are two types: rusting and oxidation in fruit.
Fermentation
An organism changes sugar and carbohydrates
into alcohol or an acid.
Carbohydrates in milk

Lactic acid

Yoghurts and cheeses