Dr Madhuri

308382
Amity Law School
Amity University Noida
Political science is generally defined as a scientific study of state, government and politics.
Politics as an art of governance is thus engaged with the issues of public affair, conflict,
multiple decisions making, compromises and consensus at different levels and, thus,
essentially delineating concerns related to power and distribution of resources

Firstly, politics is often considered as an art of government. If fact, as various scholars note,
the word politics is derived from the word, ‘polis’ which literally means, ‘the city state’.

Secondly, most essential aspect which defines politics and its nature is what we most
often refer to public affair or related to public. For instance, various institutions of state
such as bureaucratic machinery, the ministries, the court and tribunals, the police, the
army, the social security system and so on can be regarded as public in the sense that
these are responsible for the society at large for its organisation, management, and the
smooth functioning of social life in the state. Moreover, they are funded at the public
expenses, primarily out of tax payers’ money
Thirdly, politics is often defined in terms its distinctive nature in engaging
with the critical issues of compromise, decision making and consensus.
Politics is often related with the social machinery aiming towards resolving
conflict, mostly through compromise, conciliation and negotiation rather
than through the force and naked power all alone

Lastly, the politics is often associated with power and exercise of influence.
Scholars thus often define politics as the heart of all collective social activity
embedded with formal and informal, public and private binaries in all social
groups and institutions. In this sense, politics takes place at every level of
social interaction in the society. It can be found within families, peer and kin
groups, organisations and nation-state at regional and global levels
Similarities between sociology and political science are many.

It is said that the disciplines of sociology and political science are closely
interwoven in their analysis of power, authority structures, administration and
governance (Lipset 1964).

Firstly, political science relies heavily upon sociology for its basic theories and
methods. For example in mid 20th century Michigen social psychologists and
Parsonians at Harward significantly shaped political science agendas in
political behaviour and political development respectively.

Secondly, focal specialities in both the discipline borrowed from similar third
party. disciplines such as economics, history, anthropology and psychology.
Thirdly, a large number of scholars such as Marx, Weber, Gramsci, Pareto, Parsons and
Mosca, etc. equally have contributed to the growth and development of both the
disciplines

In the same vein, Harol Lasswell’s treatise, ‘Politics: Who Gets what, When and How’
(1936) was an important work from which both sociologist and political scientist get
inspired and take lead to work in an interdisciplinary framework (Lipset 1964)

society is nothing but a complex network of various groups, institutions, communities,

associations, people and their everyday life activities. Politics and power dynamics forms
integral to all of these conceptions of human lives. Notably, polity or political formations
has always been the essential components of any human society
Sociology too essentially reflect on status of social world with a focus on social
issues and on the condition of human society, the network of social
relationships in an increasingly globalised interconnected world, the growing
variety of political traditions, caste and politics, ethnicity, cultural background,
economic conditions and linguistic affiliations.

Sociology examines various aspects of political behaviour with special focus on

their social implications. This in fact indicates deeper intersection between
sociology and political science. However both the disciplines differ in their
approach. Political scientists investigate into rise, fall and changes of
governments and their leaders whereas sociologists see governments as social
institutions, political behaviour as outcome of social dynamics and leadership as
social phenomena having multifarious implications for social developments
Sociology and Political Science:
As a mother of social sciences Sociology has close and intimate
relationship with all other social science. Hence it has close
relationship with political science as well. Their relationship is so close
and intimate that led G.E.C. Catlin to remark “Political Science and
Sociology are two faces or aspects of the same figure.”
Sociology is a Science of society. It is a science of social groups and
social institutions. It is a general science of society. It studies human
interaction and inter-relations their conditions and consequences.
Political Science is a science of state and Government. It studies power,
political processes, political systems, types of government and
international relations. It deals with social groups organised under the
sovereign of the state.
In the words of Paul Junet, “Political Science is that part of social science which
treats the foundation of the state and principles of government.” It studies the
political activities of man. It only studies the organised society. However their inter-
relationship and inter-dependence can be known from inter­dependence and mutual
relationship.

Sociology depends on political science. In the words of Morris Ginsberg,

“Historically Sociology has its main roots in politics and philosophy of history.”
Sociology greatly benefited by the books written by political scientists like Plato,
Aristotle and Kautilya such as The Republic, The Politics and Arthasastra
respectively.
Each and every social problem has a political cause. Political Science is a part of
sociology. Hence sociology depends on political science to comprehend itself. To
understand different political events sociology takes the help from political science.
Sociology to draw it’s conclusions depends on political science. Any change in the
political system or nature of power structure brings changes in society. Hence
Sociology takes the help of political science to understand the changes in society.
Hence both are inter-dependent.
Besides, there are some common topics which are being studied by both the
subjects. These topics are War, Propaganda, authority, communal riots and law.

Similarly political science also depends on Sociology. Political Science is a part

of sociology. To understand the part it is necessary to understand the whole.
Almost all political problems has a social cause and for the solution of these
political problems political science takes the help of sociology.

State frames its rules, regulations and laws on the basis of social customs,
tradition and values. Without Sociological background the study of political
science will be incomplete. Political Scientists largely benefited by the
researches and research methods of the Sociologist. Some consider political
science as a branch of Sociology. State is considered as a social group hence is a
subject of Sociology.
Differences:

(1) Sociology is a science of society and social relationship whereas political science is a science of
state and government.
(2) The scope of sociology is very wide but scope of political science is limited.
(3) Sociology is a general science but political science is a special science.
(4) Sociology studied organised, unorganized and disorganized society whereas political science
studies only politically organised society.
(5) Sociology studies the social activities of man whereas political science studies political activities
of man.
(6) Sociology is a new or young science but political science is an older science.
(7) Sociology studies man as a social animal whereas political science studies man as a political
animal.
(8) Sociology studies both formal and informal relations whereas political science studies only
formal relations.
(9) Sociology analyses both conscious and unconscious activities of man whereas political science
analyses only conscious activities of man.
10) Sociology deals with all forms of association whereas political science deals with only one form of
association named state.
Sociology and History:
As a mother of social sciences sociology has close and intimate relationship
with all other social sciences. Accordingly it has close relationship with history.
Because present society bears symbols of past. Relationship between the two is
so close and intimate that scholars like G. Von Bulow have refused to
acknowledge sociology as a science distinct from history.
Sociology is the science of society. It is a study of systems of social action and
their inter-relations. Sociology is a science of social groups and social
institutions. History studies the important past events and incidents. It records
men past life and life of societies in a systematic and chronological order. It
also tries to find out the causes of past events. It also studies the past political,
social and economic events of the world.
It not only studies the past but also establishes relations with present and
future. That is why it is said that “History is the microscope of the past, the
horoscope of the present and telescope of the future.
Defining History

History is often defined as study of past. Historians, who study history, do

study cause and effects of past events and circumstances leading to social
change and development. To Mallari (2013), the term, ‘history’, is
embedded into numerous interrelated aspects; firstly, history as the past or
things happened in the past, secondly, history as narrative that tells events
happened in the past. Various thinkers describe history as the study of
human’s past based on archaeological evidences. It is important to
understand that this so called past has its own social, cultural, political and
economic aspects. Historians look types of societies, their structure,
culture, civilisation and politics human societies had, and developed over
the period of time. History studies all this social domain with respect to
their time and space attributes.
Notably, history is important in many respects. First, history plays
important role in the society similar to as memory does to an
individual. Secondly, history like memory provides identity and
recognition to any individual or groups or a community in the
society. It indicates towards one’s roots, historicity or trajectory of
developments as it might have happened in the past. It is
primarily because of such crucially important tasks that the role of
history becomes critically important and crucial to unpack the
social reality. It also then becomes a site where various
contestations take place.
Studying history allows us to observe and understand how people and societies
behaved. Through history, we can learn how past societies, systems, ideologies,
governments, cultures and technologies were built, how they operated, and how they
have changed. The rich history of the world helps us to paint a detailed picture of
where we stand today.

History matters because it helps us as individuals and as societies to understand

why our societies are the way they are and what they value.

History helps us understand change. It records and helps people understand

successes and failures. Through these studies people can learn about change and how
others are affected by it. It shows patterns of behaviour or events in the past and their
outcome which can help us avoid similar outcomes in the future

History is a storehouse of records, a treasury of knowledge. It supplies materials

various social sciences including sociology. History contains records even with
regard to social matters. It contains information about the different stages of human
life, modes of living, customs and manners, social institutions, etc.
Relationship of Sociology with History

Sociology and history are interrelated to each other. Sociology study society
and focuses on current issues by looking their historical background. Both
present and past come closer in such analysis. Sociologists often refer to
history to explain social changes, developments and changing face of
society over period of time. Similarly history also needs social aspects
(sociological concepts) to explain past. The boundaries between the two
disciplines get blurred and entangled which do entails a context to explain
complex webs of social reality. These blurring of boundaries between the
two disciplines are seen by many scholars as opportunity for productive
research endeavours.
E. H. Carr (1967), who wrote a book titled ‘What is History’, argued that the more
sociological history becomes, and the more historical sociology becomes, the better for
both. Let the frontier between them be kept open for two way traffic. Many sociologists
have also advocated this proposition of transaction between the two disciplines so as to
enrich the inter-disciplinarily and knowledge generation

Social change is a reality. It has to happen. History shows mirror or truer way to analyse it
with respect to time and space. History, in fact, said to be the constant reminder of the fact
that change, even though permanent, is irregular and unpredictable. History thus provides
a frame of reference and contextual tool to examine and analyse change carefully. Both
sociology and history thus depends on each other to take complete stoke of reality.
Sociology depends on history to understand past events, movements and social
institutions
Sociology as a discipline may provide help in terms of offering a
particular frame of mind to study history and its phenomenal
developments. For instance, the tool of sociological imagination may
help one to go beyond the general facts, to look beyond the obvious
and to examine aspects of any historical phenomena critically. In the
words of C. Wright Mills (1959), who gave concept of social
imagination, said that the tool of social imagination involves seeing the
world in terms of biography and history. In his schemes of things,
personal biographies, which sociology studies, are linked with social
and historical context
Auguste Comte’s conception of sociology includes history in his analyses of growth of
sociology and society. He dwells into causes and reasons of developments of humanity
through various historical stages. Furthermore, as Tilly (2001) notes, Karl Marx’s Capital, Max
Weber’s Economy and Society or Ferdinand Tonnies’ Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft have
elaborately used historical dimension to enrich their sociological analysis. Such analysis
demonstrate that sociology takes help of history (for instance Weber’s elaboration of ideal
type is an example of how sociologist have drawn to develop their sociological
interpretations) to locate an issue and examine its significance

Furthermore, history has many things to offer to sociology. For instance, historical sources
that are available provide a large body of data to sociologists for analysis on society, its
growth and dynamics. For instance, social upheavals in Europe during late 1700s and 1800s
motivated scholars to study society and understand the patterns of social developments. To
this effect, there are ample examples which demonstrate linkages of sociology with history.
For instance, many sociologists like Comte, Spencer, Marx, Durkheim, Weber, Simmel, Pareto,
Parsons and even the contemporary sociologists such as Habermas, Manheim, Wallenstein,
Castells, etc. used historical dimension in their sociological analysis.
history eventually helped in substantiating sociological analysis of past and its relevant
to the present. If one look for its roots in sociological theories, Parsons’ structural-
functionalism may be said to be one of the critical motivating factor which bring
sociology and history at one place. Further, Robert Neelly Bellah in 1957 published a
book titled, ‘Takigawa Religion’, which revealed Japanese equivalence of the
protestant ethic. Neil J. Smelser in 1959 in his book, ‘Social change in Industrial
Revolution’, attempted to explain nature of social change by examining development
of cotton industry during the English industrial revolution. Similarly, Talcott Parsons in
1960s developed his theory of social evolution based on concept of increasing
adaptive capacity of the system through functional differentiation in works such as
Societies: Evolutionary and Comparative Perspective (1971a) and, ‘The System of
Modern Societies’ (1971b). Furthermore, in mid 1970s, Norbert Elias worked on
theory of civilisation wherein he elaborately covers historical changes in personality,
behaviour and the theory of state formation.
Sociology and History are closely related to each other. It is
said that “History without Sociology has no fruit, while
Sociology without History has no root”.
Yet for all their closeness, both the branches of social science
are distinct from one another.
History is the study of past events. It also includes a survey of
conditions and developments in economic, religious and social
affairs.
Sociology is the study of the pattern of human interaction,
culture, and social relationships that surround everyday life.
However, both the sciences are closely inter-related and inter­dependent on each other. Both study the same
human society. Their mutual dependence led G.H. Howard to remark that, “History is past Sociology and
Sociology is present history.” Both takes help from each other. At the same time one depends on the other
for its own comprehension.

History helps and enriches Sociology. History is the store house of knowledge from which Sociology gained a
lot. History provides materials sociologists use. History is a record of past social matters, social customs and
information about different stages of life. Sociology uses this information. Books written by historians like A.
Toynbee are of great use for Sociologists. To know the impact of a particular past event sociology depends on
history.

Similarly Sociology also provides help to history and enriches it. A historian greatly benefited from the
research conducted by Sociologists. Historians now study caste, class and family by using sociological data.
Sociology provides the background for the study of history.

Now history is being studied from Sociological angle. Every historical event has a social cause or social
background. To understand that historical event history need the help from Sociology and Sociology helps
history in this respect. Sociology provides facts on which historians rely on.
Thus history and Sociology are mutually dependent on each other. History is now being studied from
Sociological angle and Sociology also now studied from historical point of view. Historical sociology now
became a new branch of Sociology which depends on history. Similarly Sociological history is another
specialized subject which based on both the Sciences. But in spite of the above close relationship and inter-
dependence both the sciences differ from each other from different angles which are described below.
Differences:

(1) Sociology is a science of society and is concerned with the present society. But history deals with the
past events and studies the past society.

(2) Sociology is a modern or new subject whereas history is an older social science.

(3) Sociology is abstract whereas history is concrete in nature.

(4) The scope of Sociology is very wide whereas the scope of history is limited. Sociology includes
history within its scope.

(5) Sociology is an analytical science whereas history is a descriptive science.

(6) Attitude of sociology and history differ from each other. Sociology studies a particular event as a
social phenomenon whereas history studies a particular event in it’s entirety.

(7) Sociology is a general science whereas history is a special science.

 Differences between Sociology and History
Sociology History
Sociology can be defined as a History includes the academic
general science of human society discipline  to analyze a sequence
as it uses various methods of of past events, investigate the
empirical investigation and critical patterns of cause and effect that
analysis to develop a body of are related to them
knowledge
Sociology uses all types of The study of history is based on a
techniques used in science such as collection of facts and evidence
sampling, statistics which are which may have been fabricated
available during and after the or exaggerated. 
study is conducted
Sociology studies human societies of the
present and hence there are fewer
chances of error in the methods used to
document human interactions and
behaviour
The problem with traditional methods of
recording history is that there will always
be bias. For example, historical records of
the Huns, a nomadic people of the 5th
century AD, are non-existent as they had
no system of writing. The available
records are from Roman and Goth
authors, who were the two groups of
people the Huns fought against. Hence,
the sources themselves cannot be taken
at face value because of this bias
The range of methods used in The modern study of history is
sociology has led to the wide-ranging and includes the
development of philosophic and study of specific regions and the
interpretative approaches towards study of certain elements of
the analysis of society historical investigation
Herodotus (484 BC –  425 BC), a The foundations of modern-day
Greek historian, is often sociology were laid through the
considered as the “father of works of Auguste Comte ( January
history” 19th, 1798 – September 5 1857) 
Sociology and Anthropology:
Sociology is the mother of all social sciences. Hence it has close and
intimate relationship with Anthropology. The relationship is so close
that Anthropologists like A.L. Kroeber consider Sociology and
Anthropology as twin sisters. They often appear as two names for the
same subject. R. Reddfield recognizes the closeness between these two
social sciences.

Sociology is a science of society. It studies behavior of man in groups.

The term Sociology has been derived from the Latin word ‘Socius’ means
society, companion or association and the Greek word ‘logos’ means
study or science. Hence Sociology is concerned with the association of
human beings. It is a science that deals with social groups.
Similarly, the term Anthropology is derived from two Greek
words ‘anthropos’ meaning man and ‘logos’ meaning study or
science. Accordingly, anthropology means study of man. As a
science of man, it deals with man, his works and behavior.
Anthropology studies the biological and cultural development
of man. Anthropology has a wide field of study which can be
broadly divided into three main divisions such as physical
anthropology. Archeology, cultural anthropology and social
anthropology. Physical anthropology studies bodily
characteristics of early man and thereby try to understand
both primitive and modern cultures.
Physical anthropology studies bodily characteristics of early man
and thereby try to understand both primitive and modern
cultures
Physical or biological anthropology deals with the evolution of
humans, their variability, and adaptations to environmental
stresses. Using an evolutionary perspective, we examine not only
the physical form of humans - the bones, muscles, and organs -
but also how it functions to allow survival and reproduction

Physical anthropology, branch of anthropology concerned with

the origin, evolution, and diversity of people. 
for example,  search for fossil remains from pre-history times to
trace the development of the human brain or the human ability to
walk upright.
Archeology (examines peoples and cultures of the past)
studies cultures of pre-historic period. Archaeological
anthropology is the study of past humans and cultures
through material remains. It involves the excavation,
analysis and interpretation of artifacts, soils, and cultural
processes.

Examples of types of archaeological sites

include campsites, caves, past settlements, monuments,
workplaces, farms, and many more. The most well-known
type of material remains are artifacts. These are objects that
were once created or altered by human behavior.’
Social anthropology deals with the behaviour of man in social institutions. Social
anthropology and sociology are one and the same. Evan Pritchard considers social
anthropology as a branch of Sociology.

Social Anthropology is the comparative study of the ways in which people live in
different social and cultural settings across the globe. Societies vary enormously in
how they organise themselves, the cultural practices in which they engage, as well as their
religious, political and economic arrangements.
For example’
Anthropology of religion, religious difference, kinship and marriage in the context of
middle-class Pakistan

Ethnography- scientific description of peoples and cultures with their customs, habits, and
mutual differences.

Ethno- people, graphy- science fpr example- observing indigenous people

According to Radcliffe-Brown (1983) social anthropology is a
‘comparative sociology’. By the term ‘comparative sociology’, he
would mean “a science that applies the generalizing method of the
natural sciences to the phenomena of the social life of man and to
everything that we include under the term culture or civilisation”
(p.55). Thus, he is of a considered view that social anthropology
should look for ‘nomothetic’ approach (search for general laws of
society) rather than the idiographic approach (search for particular
scientific facts and processes, as distinct from general laws). It is a
method to demonstrate “a particular phenomenon or event” to
establish a “general law” (ibid.).
•The term 'nomothetic' comes from the Greek word nomos, meaning law. The
nomothetic approach focuses on establishing general laws about human
behaviour, generally using quantitative data. Methods that support research using
a nomothetic approach include experiments, correlations, and meta-analysis.

•The term 'idiographic' comes from the Greek word idios, meaning 'personal' or
'private'. The idiographic approach focuses on individual perceptions, emotions,
and behaviours and collects qualitative data to obtain in-depth and unique details
about individuals.
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN SOCIOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY

Sociology is very close to social/cultural (Socio-Cultural) anthropology. The relationship

between the two is so close that in the contemporary times the difference has become
very bleak. There are many eminent anthropologists who have opined the close
relationship between Sociology and anthropology, particularly socio-cultural
anthropology. For instance, Frazer is, perhaps, the first anthropologist who in his
Inaugural Lecture as the first Professor of Social Anthropology in 1908 defined “social
anthropology as that branch of sociology that deals with primitive societies” (Radcliffe-
Brown,1952:2; cf. Voget, 1975:143). According to Frazer, sociology “should be viewed
as the most general science of society. Social anthropology would be a part of
sociology, restricted to the “origin, or rather the rudimentary phases, the infancy and
childhood of human society” By limiting social anthropology to a study of savage life,
Frazer echoed the ideas of Waitz and of Tylor in placing the anthropological emphasis
on the early history and institutions of mankind” (Voget, 1975:143)
There are also many other anthropologists who concur to his view. For
instance, Evans-Pritchard, another well-known anthropologist considers
social anthropology as “a branch of sociological studies, that branch which
chiefly devotes itself to primitive societies” (1951:11). He opines that
“[w]hen people speak of sociology they generally have in mind studies of
particular problems in civilized societies. If we give this sense to the word,
then the difference between social anthropology and sociology is a
difference of field (ibid.).According to E.A. Hoebel, the relationship between
sociology and social anthropology are, “in their broadest senses, one and
the same. Both are the study of social interrelationships, i.e., the relations
of men to men” (1958: 9). Lucy Mair (1965) and many other anthropologists
also consider social anthropology as a ‘branch’ of sociology
Although, anthropology (an integrated anthropology including physical
anthropology) is said to have emerged earlier than sociology, from the very
beginning it was very difficult to differentiate between the subject matters of the
two, particularly with socio-cultural anthropology. While anthropology was
formulated as a holistic study of mankind and related aspects, Auguste Comte
also considered that sociology would be the overarching study of human society,
and therefore, sociology should be the “queen of all sciences”. Anthropology and
sociology also founded with the significant elements from the natural sciences in
one way or another although the subject matter of anthropology (integrated
anthropology), particularly due to the components of physical anthropology and
archaeological anthropology exceeds sociology in terms of its linkage with the
physical sciences. Even when the discipline of sociology and socio-cultural
anthropology were established their relationship still existed.
Mutual Help:
However there exists a very close and intimate
relationship between Sociology and Anthropology.
Both contribute to the growth of others. Both are
mutually related to each other. Of course Sociology
studies society whereas anthropology studies man.
But as man and society are mutually interrelated
hence it is very difficult to distinguish two.
However their close relationship can be known from the following.
Anthropology contributes to the growth of Sociology. Without the help
of anthropology the study of Sociology can’t be complete. It is a part of
Sociology. Anthropology provides knowledge about ancient societies. To
have a comprehensive understanding of present society Sociology takes
the help of anthropology. Contributions of many Anthropologists like R.
Brown, Linton, Mead and Pritchard enriches sociological knowledge’s.
The origin of family, marriage, religion etc. can be better understood
through anthropological knowledge. The concepts like cultural area,
cultural traits, and cultural lag etc. sociology accept from anthropology.
Sociology accepts the anthropological conclusion that ‘racial superiority is not responsible for mental
development.’ Thus Sociology is greatly benefited by anthropological studies.

Similarly, Sociology contributes richly towards the growth of anthropology. Anthropology accepts
many concepts of Sociology. Research and contributions of many Sociologists like Emile Durkheim,
Herbert Spencer is of great help to anthropology. Anthropologists greatly benefited by the
Sociological researches. Ideas and conclusions of Sociology contributes to the research in
anthropology.

Thus there exists a great deal of relationship between Sociology and Anthropology. Both study
human society and both are concerned with all kinds of social groups like families, friends, tribes etc.
Many of the ideas and concepts are used in both the discipline. Hence both are interrelated and
interdependent. But in spite of the inter-relationship both differ from each other.
Differences:

(1) Sociology is a science of society whereas anthropology is a science of man and his behavior.

(2) The scope of Sociology is very wide whereas the scope of Anthropology is very limited. Because
anthropology is a part of Sociology.

(3) Sociology studies society as a whole whereas anthropology studies man as a part of society.

(4) Sociology studies civilizations which are vast and dynamic on the other hand Anthropology studies
cultures which are small and static.

(5) Sociology studies modern, civilized and complex societies whereas Anthropology studies ancient and
non-literate societies.

(6) Sociology is concerned with social planning whereas anthropology is not concerned with social
planning. On the basis of social planning sociology make suggestion for future but anthropology do not
make any suggestion for future.

(7)In the words of Kluckhon, “The Sociological attitude has tended towards the Practical and Present, the
anthropological towards pure understanding of the past.”
 Differences between the Anthropology and
Sociology

Anthropology
Emphasis on culture and its physical and
social characteristics (kinship, language,
religion, gender, art, etc.)
Has its historical basis in studying non-
Western cultures or  industrialized Western societies
Micro-level focus – studies how individuals,
families, and communities engage with the
larger society and social trends
Incorporates material/physical culture
(archaeology, biophysical evidence)
Sociology
Emphasis on society and its origins and
development (social classes, institutions and
structures, social movements)
Has its historical basis in studying
Macro-level focus – studies how the larger
society and social trends affect individuals,
families, and communities
Incorporates economics and statistics to a
larger degree
Natural Science Social Science
Anthropology relies on qualitative data Sociology relies on quantitative and
to come to a conclusion qualitative data to arrive at a
conclusion
Anthropologist make use of a smaller Sociologist make use of a broader,
sample size for immersive and larger sample size
localized data collection
It is done to understand different It is done to solve contemporary social
cultures problems
Anthropology became more The term ‘sociology’ was coined by
professionalised following as a social Auguste Comte in the 1850s when he
science in the early 20th century published the “Treatise on Sociology”