MACRO AND MICROSCOPIC METHOD

FOR DETECTION OF ADULTERATION

GUIDED BY-Dr. Gyana Ranjan Mahalik

Name-Shubham Khamari
Roll no-220705170022
M.Sc Botany 2nd semester
 CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• MACROSCOPIC METHOD
• ORGANOLEPTIC TESTING
• CALORIMETRY
• SPECTROSCOPY
• MICROSCOPIC METHOD
• MICROSCOPY
• POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPY
• ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
• CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

Adulteration refers to the deliberate addition of low-quality or

harmful substances to food or other products to increase profits.
Adulteration can be detected using various methods, including
macroscopic and microscopic methods.
Macroscopic methods
• Macroscopic methods are based on the visual examination of the
product.
• These methods are simple and easy to perform, but they are not
always reliable.
• Examples of macroscopic methods include organoleptic testing,
colorimetry, and spectroscopy.
Organoleptic testing
• Organoleptic testing involves the use of the senses (sight, smell,
taste, touch) to detect adulteration.
• For example, the taste and aroma of milk can be used to detect
the presence of water or other substances.
 Colorimetry
Colorimetry is a method that uses color changes to detect the
presence of adulterants.
For example, the addition of starch to milk will cause a bluish
color to appear when iodine is added.

Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is a method that uses light to detect the presence of
adulterants.
For example, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can
be used to detect the presence of melamine in milk.
Microscopic methods
• Microscopic methods involve the examination of the product
under a microscope.
• These methods are more reliable than macroscopic methods but
require specialized equipment and expertise.
• Examples of microscopic methods include microscopy, polarized
light microscopy, and electron microscopy.
Microscopy
Microscopy involves the examination of the product under a light
microscope.
The presence of foreign particles or adulterants can be detected by
examining the sample at high magnification.
 Polarized light microscopy
• Polarized light microscopy uses polarized light to examine the
sample.
• This method can be used to detect the presence of crystals or
other substances that are not visible under normal light
microscopy.
Electron Microscopy
• Electron microscopy uses a beam of electrons to examine the
sample.
• This method provides high-resolution images and can be used to
identify the chemical composition of the sample.
Conclusion
Macroscopic and microscopic methods can be used to detect
adulteration in food and other products.
Macroscopic methods are simple but not always reliable, while
microscopic methods are more reliable but require specialized
equipment and expertise.
Both methods have their strengths and weaknesses and should be
used in combination to ensure accurate detection of adulteration.