DISABILITY

Dr. Ikram Malik

SR (PMR)- NILD, KOLKATA
Disability

“ Functional loss due to permanent physical impairment

resulting from congenital condition, disease or trauma*.”

It excluded illness/injury of recent origin (morbidity) resulting

into temporary loss of ability to see, hear, speak or move.

World Health Organization’s(WHO) 
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
(ICF)
, uses ‘disability’ as an umbrella term for any or all of the
following components:
impairments—problems in body function or structure
activity limitations—difficulties in executing activities
participation restrictions—problems an individual may
experience in involvement in life situations.
THREE CONFUSING TERMS : WHO definitions

DISABILITY HANDICAP IMPAIRMENT

IMPAIRMENT-

It is any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or

anatomical structure or function.

DISABILITY

It is any restriction or lack(resulting from impairment) of ability

to perform an activity in the manner or within the range

considered normal for a human being.

 HANDICAP

It is a disadvantage for a given individual, resulting

from an impairment or a disability, that limits or

prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal

(depending on age, sex, and social and cultural

factors) for that individual.

 Difference between
Impairment , Disability and Handicap

Society

Whole person

Organ or tissue
 TWO TYPES OF BASIC DISABILITIES

Primary Disability
Secondary Disability
PRIMARY DISABILITY

Disabilities that are direct consequences of a disease or

condition are called primary disability .

Paraplegia following spinal cord injury,

Inability to walk after fracture .

SECONDARY DISABILITY

Disabilities that did not exist at the onset of primary disability

but develop subsequently are called secondary disability .

eg. Joint contractures in poliomyelitis .

Epidemiology

National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) has conducted thrice the survey

of PWD (People With Disabilities) in 1981, 1991, and 2002.

In July-Dec 2002 survey for the first time information on mentally disabled

was also included.

1755 PWD every 1 lac person identified who were either physically or

mentally disabled i.e. 1.8% of total population.

Prevalence among rural and urban residents 1.85% and 1.50% respectively.

.
Prevalence in male > female ( 2.12% rural & 1.67% urban : 1.5% rural
& 1.31% urban) except in blindness where female exceed male
Prevalence of locomotor disability is highest f/b hearing and visual
disability.
More than one type of disability was present in 10.63% PWD.
Prevalence highest in Orissa f/b Kerala and Punjab. Lowest rate seen in
Assam, Jharkhand and Rajasthan.
CLASSIFICATION

NSSO (2002) categorized disability into various groups

Mentally disabled – mental retardation(MR), mental illness(MI).

Visually disabled – blindness and low vision.

Hearing diasbility.

Speech disability.

Locomotor disability.
Percentage distribution of disabled persons by types of
disability (NSSO-2002)
Mental Disability

Persons who had difficulty in understanding routine

instructions, who could not carry out their activities like others of

similar age or exhibited behaviours like talking to self, laughing/

crying, staring, violence, fear and suspicion without reason were

considered as mentally disabled for the purpose.

 The “activities like others of similar age”
included activities of communication (speech),
self-care (cleaning of teeth, wearing clothes,
taking bath, taking food, personal hygiene, etc.),
home living (doing some household chores) and
social skills.
Two types-
Mental retardation (MR)

Mental illness(MI).
CAUSES OF MR-

Illness during childhood 42%

Head trauma in childhood 10%.

Pregnancy and birth related problems 3%.

Hereditary 2%.

Unknown cause 23%.

CAUSES OF MR

Pregnancy and birth related problems 46%

Unknown cause 36%.

Illness during childhood 9%.

Age at onset-

Since birth in 87%

0-4 years in 8%.

 Manifestation of MR is completed within teenage.

 Problem of MI is more of old age.

VISUAL DISABILITY (VD)

Loss or lack of ability to execute tasks requiring adequate

visual acuity.
Visually disabled includes,

(a) those who did not have any light perception - both eyes taken

together

(b) those who had light perception but could not correctly count

fingers of hand (with spectacles/ contact lenses if he/ she used

spectacles/ contact lenses) from a distance of 3 metres (or 10

feet) in good day light with both eyes open.

.
 Night blindness was not considered as visual

disability.

 3rd highest of all disabilities.

 Age of onset- 68-72% acquire VD at age of 60 years and

above. 1-2% are VD by birth.

 Two types-

• Blindness

• Low vision.
CAUSES OF BLINDNESS- CAUSES OF LOW VISION-

 Old age 24%.  Oldage or cataract 57%.

 Cataract 21%.  Other eye diseases 12%.

 Other eye diseases 17%.  Unknown cause 10%.

Hearing disability(HD)

 This referred to persons’ inability to hear properly.

 Hearing disability is judged taking into consideration the disability of the

better ear. In other words, if one ear of a person is normal and the other

ear has total hearing loss, then the person was judged as normal in hearing

for the purpose of the survey. Hearing disability was judged without

taking into consideration the use of hearing aids (i.e., the position for the

person when hearing aid was not used).

2nd highest among all.
Causes-
old age 25% & 30% for rural & urban respectively.
other illnessess.
ear discharge.
Age of onset-
60 years & above in 56%(rural) & 62%(urban)
Since birth in 7%.
SPEECH DISABILITY (SD)

This referred to persons’ inability to speak properly.

Speech of a person is judged to be disordered if the person's

speech was not understood by the listener.

Persons with speech disability includes those who could not

speak, spoke only with limited words or those with loss of voice.
It also included those whose speech is not understood due to

defects in speech, such as stammering, nasal voice, hoarse voice

and discordant voice and articulation defects, etc.

Causes-
• Paralysis & other illness 46%(rural) & 49%(urban).
• MR/MI 9%.
• Voice disorders 8%.
• Old age 1%.

Age at onset –
• 60 years & above in 35%(rural) & 43%(urban)
• congenital speech defect in 38 %(rural) & 31%(urban).
LOCOMOTOR DISABILITY (LD)

A person with,
(a) loss or lack of normal ability to execute distinctive activities
associated with the movement of self and objects from place to place
and
(b) physical deformities, other than those involving the hand or leg
both, regardless of whether the same caused loss or lack of normal
movement of body – was considered as disabled with loco-motor
disability.
LOCOMOTOR DISABILITY (LD)

Highest among all disabilities

Includes-
• Paralysis of limb or body
• Deformity of limb- maximum
• Loss of limb e.G. Amputation
• Dysfunction of limb
• Deformity of joints of limbs
• Deformity of the body other than in limbs eg. Hunch back,
deformed spine etc.
Causes-
Polio 30%(rural) & 27%(urban)
injury other than burns 26%(rural) & 27%(urban)
old age 3-4%
leprosy 3%

Age at onset-
60 years and above 49%(rural) & 57%(urban).
45-49 years 27%-29%.
AREAS OF SUFFERING OF DISABLED PERSON

SOCIAL

ECONOMICAL

PSYCHOLOGICAL

EMOTIONAL
 Social Status

Literacy – defined as ability to read & write a simple

message with understanding.

55% of PWD are illiterate.

9% complete higher secondary education.

literacy highest among MR 87%.

f/b visually disabled 74%-77%.

Marital status - 47% PWD never married.

31% females were widowed, divorced or

separated.

5% living with their spouse.

majority of MR persons were unmarried.

situation is better for people with hearing

disability.
 Employment status – among all 37% PWD employed.

Only 15-35 out of 1000 PWD were able to

complete some vocational course.

Employment lowest among MR 6%.

DISABLITY PREVENTION

Disability prevention relates to all preventive measures aimed at

Reducing the occurance of impairments (first level prevention)

Limiting or reversing disability caused by impairment(second

level prevention)

Preventing the transition of disability into handicap(third level

prevention)
FIRST LEVEL PREVENTION- MOST EFFECTIVE

Eradicating malnutrition- increasing food production & proper

distribution.
Disabling communicable diseases eg eradication of small pox.
Immunization against communicable diseases like
polio,tuberculosis,measles, whooping cough, diphtheria.
Providing extensive coverage of perinatal care to children thro’
primary health care.
Providing safe water and sanitation facilities.
Attempts to reduce accident rates.
Promote socioeconomic development of individuals and country
as a whole.
Health education.
Limiting use of alcohol,psychotropic drugs and tobacco.
Preventing child neglect and abuse.
2nd level prevention

Provision of adequate drugs (e.g. for leprosy, tuberculosis,

earinfections, hypertension, diabetes, trachoma)

Provision of essential surgery (e.g. in the treatment of

wounds, fractures, limb injuries, and cataract)

Provision of rehabilitation as soon as possible
during the span of disability.
Effective system of referral to health centres at
the district or regional level.
Vocational and educatioal counselling.
Can reduce the incidence & severity of disability
by 10%-20%.
3RD LEVEL PREVENTION

Includes rehabilitation.
Orthopedic orthoses and prosthesis.
Glasses for VD & low vision.
Hearing aid for HD.
Vocational schools and training for the disabled.
Education and upliftment of the economic status of disabled.
Speech therapy, vocational training.
Provision of jobs for the disabled.
 1.Latest classification used for describing functioning and
disability.
I. International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health,
(ICF).
II. International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and
Handicaps,  (ICIDH).
III. ICD (International classification of disease)
IV. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
2. Which of the following is the 2nd level of prevention
regarding disability prevention.

I. Giving orthopaedic orthosis to a patient of Polio.

II. Immunization with OPV.

III. Cataract surgery.

IV. Hearing aid for HD

3. 2nd most common type of Disability is,

I. Blindness.
II. Hearing disability.
III.Locomotor.
IV.Mental Retardation.
4. The correct sequence of events leading to disability and

handicap,

I. Disease- disability- Handicap- Impairment.

II. Disease- disability- - Impairment- Handicap

III. Disease - Impairment- Disability- Handicap.

IV. Disability-Disease-Handicap-Impairment.
5.Which of the following is a correct match,

I. Accident- Disability

II. Loss of foot- Handicap

III.Unemployed- Impairment

IV.Can not walk- Disability

Ans
1(a)
2(b)
3(b)
4(c)
5(d)