INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL

ESIQIE
ESCUELA SUPERIOR DE INGENIERÍA QUÍMICA E INDUSTRIAS EXTRACTIVAS

TYPES OF OIL
THE OIL
• Oil is a mixture of organic compounds, mainly water insoluble hydrocarbons. It is also known as black
gold, crude oil or simply crude.
• It is produced in the interior of the Earth, by transformation of the organic matter accumulated in
sediments of the geological past1 and can be accumulated in natural geological traps, from which it is
extracted by drilling wells.
• It is a non-renewable resource and is currently also
the main source of energy. is a fundamental pillar of the world market and the
foreign policy of several countries.
Oil can be classified as follows:
WE WILL CONCENTRATE IN CLASSIFICATION BY API

Light or light crude: it has API severities greater than 31.1 ° API
Light oil is crude oil with low wax content

Medium or medium crude: it has API severities between 22.3 and 31.1 ° API
Sweet crude oil is a type of oil that is called that, if it contains less than 0.5% sulfur, compared to a higher level of sulfur
in sour crude oil. Sweet crude oil contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. A low sulfur content in
crude oil is commonly processed to make gasoline, and is in great demand, especially in industrialized
nations. Sweet crude oil is the type of oil most sought after the conventional crude oil version as it
contains a disproportionate amount of fractions that are
They use high quality gasoline, kerosene and diesel. The term "sweet" originated from the
low level of sulfur that provides the oil with a mild sweet taste and pleasant smell.
• Heavy crude: it has API severities between 10 and 22.3 ° API.
Heavy crude oil or extra heavy crude oil is any type of crude oil that does not flow easily. It
is called "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy
crude oil has been defined as any petroleum smoothie with an API index below 20 °, which means that
its relative density is greater than 0.933. This result of heavy crude oil is a degradation by being
exposed to bacteria, water or air, as a consequence, the loss of its lighter fractions, leaving behind its
heavier fractions.

• Extra heavy crude: API severities less than 10 ° API.

 TYPES OF OIL
IN THE WORLD
The oil varieties can be almost infinite,
depending on the wells and the regions
where they are obtained.
In the world there are more than 200
significant types of oil.

In the world there are more than 200 significant types of oil.
Within each country there can be many varieties, as in Venezuela, where there are more than
10.
 MÉXICO Mexican Petroleum Mix
oil in the country: Isthmus, Olmec and Maya.
These three oils account for almost 100% of the country's production
Olmec:
Considered "Extra Light" crude due to its characteristics make it a good producer of lubricants and petrochemicals, that is because
it has a density of 0.83 g / cm3, API 39 and 0.8% sulfur by weight.
Isthmus Crude "Light“:
That has the characteristic of giving higher yields for the realization of gasoline and intermediate distillates, this due to contain a
density of 0.87 - 0.83 g / cm3, 32 API and 1.3% sulfur by weight.
Maya:
Being a "heavy" crude oil, it has a lower yield in gasoline and diesel production due to its density of
1.0 - 0.92 g / cm3, 22 API and 3.3% sulfur by weight, but these qualities place it as the main source of energy for domestic use.
% SULFUR API
OLMECA 0.74 39
ISTMO 1,8 33
MAYA 3,4 22
 Argelia: Saharian Blend
Angola: Girassol
Ecuador: Oriente
Irán: Iran Heavy
Iraq: Basra Ligth
Libia: Es Sider
In this basket there are many different oils, but try to form a Nigeria: Bonny Light
benchmark for the prices of those regions. Qatar: Marine
This basket maintains high and low limit prices, to which different Saudí: Arab Light
members have to adapt. This obviously requires intense coordination Emiratos Árabes Unidos:
work and not a few disagreements. Murban
These oils tend to be heavier than their rivals in the West, such as the Venezuela: BCF 17
WTI barrel in Texas. 3 Malaysian Tapis
The main types of oils are:
 TAPIS OF MALASIA

• This barrel is considered as the reference of light oil

from the Far East.
• The price of this oil is used as a reference in the
Singapore market, one of the epicenters of Asia's
huge economy. It also serves as a reference for
Oceania prices.
• It is a very light oil, with API of around 44, and with
little sulfur, about 0.04%. This makes it a very good
quality crude.
• This oil is produced in the seas of South China, an
important geopolitical factor, with the Asian giant
very interested in taking full control of that area.
 DUBAI
• This would be the reference for the price of oil in the Middle East and much of Asia, being considered
the third most important in the world after the WTI and Brent.
• It is an oil that is not produced too much, but which significantly influences prices in the region and in
particular those of OPEC.
• Curiously it is not a quality oil, but considered as heavy and with a fairly high level of sulfur (more
than 1.75%).
• This oil is traded mainly in the Dubai futures market (DGCX)
and in the NYMEX in New York.
 WTI FROM TEXAS
• Texan oil is the reference of world oil since practically the beginning
of its production.
• The follow-up of its price, together with that of Brent, marks the
reference of the price of world crude, with its contracts negotiated in
the NYMEX of New York
• This is no accident. Not only is it located in the most powerful
country in the world in the last 100 years, but it is also a high quality,
light and low sulfur oil (0.24%).
• As in the case of Dubai oil, it does not reach a very large production,
but still billions of barrels are negotiated in American futures
markets. Although the exchange is another different issue of
production.
 BRENT OF THE NORTH SEA
• The other major reference oil in the world is Brent, which is the one that sets prices in Europe
and also in other parts of the world.
• In fact, more than 60% of the other types of world crude follow the Brent reference. This
explains why the Brent barrel is the most traded oil in world international markets.
• Said oil is traded in London but curiously
not in pounds but in US dollars.
• Like Texas oil, it has a high quality, being
light and low in sulfur.