Welcome to the

BIOGA
presentation

S
AND BIOGAS VEHICLES

PBL PROJECT TOPIC: ‘BIOGAS AND VEHICLES’

THEME: ‘RESPONSIBLE PRODUCTION AND
CONSUMPTION
WASTE POLLUTION A MAJOR WORLDLY PROBLEM
Human waste contaminates the environment. Waste
can be solid, liquid, or gaseous. Households,
industries, agriculture, and healthcare facilities all
produce them. Improper disposal or management of
waste materials can harm human health and the
environment. Solid waste, such as plastics, metals, and
glass, releases harmful chemicals into the soil and
water. These chemicals can contaminate groundwater
and affect animals and humans. In the same way,
untreated sewage, industrial effluents, and agricultural
runoff can pollute water bodies, making them
unusable for human consumption, irrigation, or
recreation when discharged into them. Burning waste
materials can also cause air pollution. It can release
toxic gases and particles into the air, causing
respiratory problems. So that’s the reason why it’s a
worldly problem.
WHY DO WE FACE PROBLEMS LIKE
WASTE POLLUTION?
Some key factors can be given to explain why we face such problems;
• Unsustainable Consumption and Production: Human activities mainly cause
insolvency in Goal 12 but also affect the planet's natural resources and other
problems like resource depletion, pollution, and Earth's biodiversity loss.
• Urbanization & Industrialization: This leads to the expansion of infrastructure,
manufacturing, and transportation but requires large amounts of energy and
natural resources, which contributes to climate change and other environmental
problems.
• Population Growth: Today's population is 8 billion, but this multiplies our needs
for resources, waste, space, etc.
• Inequitable Distribution of Resources: These days, war & inflation between
countries have increased, and it has been difficult for them to share & trade
resources. Environment degradation and climate change are often
disproportionately affecting marginalized communities.
• Lack of Environmental Regulations & Enforcement: Many countries (states) lack
strong environmental regulations or/and fail to enforce existing customs, which
contributes to pollution & environmental degradation.
MANY COUNTRIES STILL FACE
THESE PROBLEMS:
India: India is currently facing significant challenges related to waste management and pollution.
With a population of over 1.3 billion people, India generates a large amount of waste. It's
improperly disposed of, leading to extensive pollution of water, air, and land. It has resulted in
significant public health concerns, including respiratory epidemics and waterborne illnesses.
Brazil: Brazil faces challenges related to deforestation, leading to significant environmental damage
and biodiversity loss. Deforestation in Brazil is often driven by unsustainable agricultural practices,
including the expansion of soy and cattle farming. It destroys large areas
of the Amazon rainforest & threatens the livelihoods of indigenous communities that depend on
these forests.
United States; The United States is facing challenges related to unsustainable consumption
patterns, including overconsumption of natural resources and significant waste generation. The US
generates more waste per capita than any other country. Much of this waste is not recycled or
properly disposed of, leading to significant environmental damage and public health concerns.
Nigeria: Nigeria is facing challenges related to oil pollution, which causes significant impacts on the
environment and public health. Oil spills from pipelines and other sources are leading to significant
pollution of land and water resources, harming humans and wildlife.
Bangladesh: Bangladesh faces challenges related to water scarcity and pollution. The country's
rivers are heavily polluted due to industrialization, agricultural practices, and other factors, leading
to significant public health concerns and impacting Nigeria's agricultural productivity
WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF WE FAIL
TO ACHIEVE GOAL 12?
Goal 12 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aims to ensure sustainable consumption
and production patterns. Failure to be responsible in this area can result in several problems, including:
1. Environmental degradation: Irresponsible consumption and production patterns can lead to environmental
degradation, including pollution, deforestation, and soil erosion, which can have negative impacts on biodiversity,
climate change, and public health.
2. Resource depletion: Unsustainable consumption patterns can lead to the depletion of natural resources, such
as water, minerals, and fossil fuels, which can have long-term consequences for future generations.
3. Social inequality: Irresponsible production and consumption practices can result in social inequalities, including
unsafe working conditions, child labor, and human rights abuses, particularly in developing countries where labor
laws and regulations may be weak or unenforced.
4. Economic instability: Unsustainable production and consumption patterns can lead to economic instability, as
the depletion of natural resources and environmental damage can result in increased costs for businesses and
decreased demand for products.
5. Public health issues: Poorly managed waste and pollution can lead to public health issues, including respiratory
problems, waterborne illnesses, and exposure to harmful chemicals and toxins.
6. Economic Costs: Unsustainable consumption and production patterns can lead to higher economic costs for
countries. For example, countries may need to spend more on environmental cleanup efforts, health care costs
associated with pollution-related illnesses, and other related expenses.
7. Social Inequities: Failure to achieve Goal 12 can lead to social inequities within countries. For example,
marginalized communities in developing countries are often the most impacted by unsustainable production and
consumption patterns. This can lead to social unrest, conflicts, and inequality.
8. Environmental Damage: Failure to achieve Goal 12 can lead to significant environmental damage, including
deforestation, desertification, land degradation, and water pollution. This can have significant impacts on
countries' ecosystems, water resources, and agricultural production.
9. Resource Scarcity: Unsustainable consumption patterns can lead to resource scarcity in countries. For example,
countries with limited water resources may experience water shortages, which can negatively impact agriculture,
human health, and other critical areas.
10. Climate Change: Failure to achieve Goal 12 can lead to climate change, which can have significant impacts on
countries' economies, societies, and environments. For example, countries that rely on tourism may experience a
decline in tourism revenues due to the impacts of climate change on their ecosystems.
Failure to achieve Goal 12 can have significant and wide-ranging impacts on countries, including economic,
social, environmental, and climate-related impacts. Addressing these issues requires a coordinated and global
effort to shift towards more sustainable consumption and production patterns.
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO OVERCOME THIS
PROBLEM?
While addressing these problems we can state some potential solutions:
• Transition to Renewable Energy: Governments can invest in renewable energy sources
such as Biogas to phase out fossil fuels and CO2 emissions. Businesses can also invest &
trade in renewable energies to gain profit & improve energy efficiency.
• Develop eco-friendly consumption and production patterns: People can reduce
consumption and choose environmentally friendly products and services. Governments
can encourage & stimulate the production of sustainable practices and create impetus for
businesses to adapt & work with these sustainable practices.
• Protect Natural Habitats and Biodiversity: Governments can establish such areas to
promote sustainable conservation of habitat & biodiversity. Businesses can also adopt
sustainable land use practices and reduce their impact on natural habitats.
• Enhance Waste Management: Governments can improve waste management or
authorities to encourage recycling and composting. It is also possible for businesses to
implement economic practices that reduce waste and improve resource efficiency.
• Identify and address inequity and resource distribution: Governments can develop
policies that address inequity and ensure the circulation of resources. Businesses can
support community development programs and ensure that their operations do not
negatively impact marginalized communities.
• But to participate in these advancements, Governments, Businesses & civil society
organizations will need to work together in accommodation & unity to implement
compelling solutions to support sustainable development and protect the planet's
resources for future use.
WHAT IS BIOGAS?
Biogas is a mixture of gases, primarily consisting of methane, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen
sulfide. It is produced from raw materials such as agricultural waste, manure, municipal
waste, plant material, sewage, green waste, wastewater, and food waste. It is a renewable
energy source.
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic organisms or methanogen inside
an anaerobic digester, biodigester, or bioreactor. Biogas is primarily methane. And carbon
dioxide. And may have small amounts of hydrogen sulfide.
Moisture and siloxanes. The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be
combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energy release allows biogas to be used as fuel; it
can be utilized in fuel cells and for any heating purpose, such as cooking. It can also be
used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.
Biogas can be compressed after the removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide, the
same way as natural gas is compressed into CNG, and used to power motor vehicles. In the
United Kingdom, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around
17% of vehicle fuel. This qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts of the
world. Biogas can be cleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes
biomethane. Biogas is considered to be a renewable resource because its production-and-
use cycle is continuous, and it generates no net carbon dioxide. As the organic material
grows, it is converted and used. It then regrows in a continually repeating cycle. From a
carbon perspective, as much carbon dioxide is absorbed from the atmosphere in the
growth of the primary bio-resource as is released, when the material is ultimately
converted to energy.
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES
OF BIOGAS?
Biomass power generation in India is an industry that
attracts investments of over INR 6 billion every year,
generating more than 5000 million units of electricity
and creating more than 10 million man-days in rural
areas. As of 2010, India burnt over 200 million tonnes
of the coal-replacement worth of traditional biomass
fuel every year to meet its energy needs for cooking
and other domestic uses. This traditional biomass fuel
– fuel from wood, crop waste, and animal dung – is a
potential raw material for the application of biomass
technologies. This will enable the recovery of cleaner
fuel, fertilizers, and electricity with significantly lower
pollution.
You should stop using LPG at all costs. Not only LPG is
20 times more expensive than gasoline, but it is also 3
times more dangerous.
WHY PEOPLE ARE TURNING
TOWARDS BIOGAS (AND
WHY THEY SHOULD)?
As a smoke-free fuel, it reduces the incidence of eye and lung
diseases. Due to its lower density than CNG, it is less lethal than
CNG. LPG has liquid-like properties and when leakage occurs the gas
flows down in a liquid manner and stays down for a very long time.
This is very dangerous in residential properties. While biogas
disperses into the air quickly as it is lighter than air and is much safer
in homes than CNG or LPG. This is why people should choose to use
biogas instead of using traditional gases.
BUT THERE ARE SOME
DISADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS
WHICH SHOULD BE NOTICED:
While biogas has several advantages, it also has some disadvantages that should
be considered.
• Limited availability: Bio-gas is not as widely available as traditional fuels like
gasoline and diesel, which means that it may be difficult to find a bio-gas
refuelling station.
• Production and storage: The production and storage of biogas can be more
challenging and expensive than traditional fuels. The process of converting
organic waste into bio-gas requires specialized equipment, and the storage
and transportation of biogas can require additional safety measures.
• Lower energy density: Bio-gas has a lower energy density than traditional
fuels, which means that vehicles may require larger fuel tanks or more
frequent refuelling.
• Land use: The production of bio-gas requires a significant amount of land,
which could compete with other land uses such as food production.
• Emissions: While bio-gas vehicles produce lower greenhouse gas emissions
than traditional vehicles, they still have some emissions. Additionally, the
production of biogas can result in emissions of other pollutants such as
nitrogen oxides.
WHAT CAN WE DO TO ADDRESS THE
DISADVANTAGES OF BIOGAS?

Several things can be done to address the disadvantages of biogas:

• Increase production efficiency: Improving the efficiency of the
production process for bio-gas can help to reduce the cost and
environmental impact of the fuel.
• Develop better storage and transportation methods: Developing
better storage and transportation methods for bio-gas can help to
make it a more viable fuel source for vehicles.
• Increase availability of refuelling stations: Increasing the number of
biogas refuelling stations can help to make the fuel more accessible
to consumers.
• Promote sustainable land use: Promoting sustainable land use
practices can help to minimize the impact of biogas production on
food production and other land uses.
• Develop cleaner production methods: Developing cleaner
production methods for bio-gas can help to minimize the emissions
of pollutants that can be associated with its production.
Overall, addressing the disadvantages of biogas will require a
combination of technological innovation, policy changes, and consumer
education and awareness. By working together to promote the
sustainable and responsible use of bio-gas, we can help to realize its
potential as a more sustainable and environmentally friendly fuel source.
THESE ARE SOME COUNTRIES WHICH IMPLEMENT IN
THE BIOGAS PROJECTS:

Many countries around the world have implemented biogas projects,

including:
• Germany: Germany is one of the world leaders in bio-gas
production, with more than 10,000 bio-gas plants in operation.
• Sweden: Sweden has implemented a national biogas program,
which aims to increase the use of biogas as a transportation fuel.
• India: India has implemented a national program to promote the
use of biogas for cooking and lighting in rural areas.
• United States: The United States has implemented several bio-gas
projects, including the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), which
requires a certain amount of renewable fuels, including bio-gas, to
be blended into transportation fuel.
• China: China has implemented a national biogas program, which
aims to increase the use of biogas for rural household energy and
transportation.
• Brazil: Brazil has implemented several biogas projects, including
the use of biogas to power buses and trucks in major cities.
• Kenya: Kenya has implemented a bio-gas program, which aims to
promote the use of biogas for cooking and lighting in rural areas.
BIOGAS VEHICLES, A SOLUTION TOWARDS
POLLUTION AND CLIMATE CHANGE:

• Biogas buses: Many cities and public transit agencies have started
to operate biogas-powered buses, which use compressed biogas
(CBG) as fuel. Examples include the London Bio-Bus, which runs
on biomethane produced from food waste, and the Gothenburg
Bus System in Sweden, which runs on biogas produced from
sewage.
• Biogas trucks: Some commercial trucking companies have also
started to adopt biogas-powered vehicles, including heavy-duty
trucks that run on liquefied biogas (LBG) made from organic waste.
• Biogas cars: While biogas cars are not yet widely available, many
models have been developed, including the Volkswagen Eco-Up,
the Mercedes B-Class F-Cell, and the Audi A3 Sportback G-Tron.
• Biogas tractors and farm equipment: Some farmers have also
started to adopt biogas-powered tractors and other farm
equipment, using biogas produced from agricultural waste or
manure.
It's worth noting that the adoption of biogas vehicles is still relatively
limited compared to conventional gasoline and diesel vehicles, but
interest in alternative fuels is growing, and there is potential for
further expansion of biogas-powered vehicles in the future.
AND SEVERAL COMPANIES AROUND THE
WORLD ARE PRODUCING/
EXPERIMENTING WITH BIOGAS
VEHICLES:
Scania: Scania, a Swedish company, has been developing biogas trucks since the 1990s and now offers a
range of biogas-powered trucks and buses.

Volvo: Volvo, a Swedish automaker, has also been experimenting with

biogas vehicles and offers a biogas-powered version of its V90 station
wagon in certain markets.

Volkswagen: Volkswagen has developed a biogas version of its Eco-Up

model, which is powered by compressed natural gas (CNG) or biogas.

Audi: Audi offers a biogas version of its A3 Sportback model, which is

powered by CNG or biogas.

Mercedes-Benz: Mercedes-Benz offers a biogas version of its B-Class F-

Cell model, which is powered by hydrogen fuel cells.

MAN: MAN, a German commercial vehicle manufacturer, offers a range of

biogas-powered trucks and buses.
Iveco: Iveco, an Italian commercial vehicle manufacturer, has developed
biogas-powered trucks and buses for several markets.

It's worth noting that the availability of biogas vehicles varies widely by
region and market. Some of these models may only be available in certain
areas or may be produced in limited quantities.
BIOGAS AND
HISTORY:
Jan Batista Van Helmont first determined in the 17th century that flammable gases could evolve
from decaying organic matter. Count Alessandro Volta concluded in 1776 that there was a direct
correlation between the amount of decaying organic matter and the amount of flammable gas
produced. In 1808, Sir Humphrey Davy determined that methane was present in the gases
produced during the AD from cattle manure.
The first digestion plant was built at a leper colony in Bombay, India in 1859.1 AD and reached
England in 1895 when biogas was recovered from a "carefully designed" sewage treatment
facility and used to fuel street lamps in Exeter. The development of microbiology as a science led
to research by Buswell3 and others in the 1930s to identify anaerobic bacteria and the
conditions that promote methane production.
During and after World War II, the process was extensively used when energy supplies were
reduced. Some AD facilities in Europe have been in operation for more than 20 years.
Denmark's commitment to AD increased with an energy initiative that will double biogas
production by the year 2000, and triple it by the year 2005. One of the key policy tools used to
encourage technology deployment is "green pricing," i.e., allowing manufacturers of biogas-
generated electricity to sell their product at a premium. Interestingly, the sales of co-generated
hot water to specially-built district heating systems are becoming a significant source of revenue
for project developers. Although the first digester to use MSW as a feedstock operated in the
United States from 1939-1974. While Anecdotal evidence indicates that biogas was used for
heating bath water in Assyria during the 20th century BC and in Persia during the 16th century.
 TO GET
MORE INFORMATION

VISIT OUR WEBSITE:

H T T P S : // P B L - P R O J E C T . N O T I O N . S I
TE
Thanks a lot
FOR YOUR
TIME
A S CH O O L P ROJ EC T M A D E BY:
Iqra University Schooling System
Block-N Campus
Grade VII (I)
A l l C r e d i t s To @ N o ti o n