Transformers

Types of transformers
LV / MV in the world
Dry type transformer
Dry type transformer
On-load tap changer transformer
Rotary on-load tap changer
Wet type transformer
Isolation transformer
Common mode noise
• Voltage between ground and neutral and is recommended to be less
than 1 volt or less than 1% of phase to neutral voltage.
• Grounding of neutral at distance no more than 25 meter from IT
equipment.
Transformer K-factor
• K factor is the ratio between harmonic losses and eddy current losses.
• K- 13 transformer is the most suitable for data center.
• With increasing k factor, non- linear loads can be increased, and can
handle higher harmonic factors.
• As the K-factor of the transformer increases, generally the size and
cost increase, low load efficiency (<25% load) decreases and
impedance decreases.
Temperature rise
• Dry-type transformers are available in three standard temperature
rises: 80C, 115C, or 150C. Liquid-filled transformers come in standard
rises of 55C and 65C.
• maximum ambient temperature of 40C
•  a transformer with an 80C temperature rise uses 13-21% less
operating energy than a 150C rise unit.
Temperature rise
• a transformer with an 80C temperature rise can be overloaded to 25
% more than a 150C rise unit, because the insulation can withstand till
220C.
Maintenance activities on transformers
• Daily
1. Inspect temperature.
2. Inspect noise and vibration.
3. Inspect leakage.

• Quarterly
1. Physical inspection.
2. Inspect breathing intakes.
3. Inspect bushings.
4. Inspect oil levels.
Maintenance activities on transformers

• Annually
1. Inspect labels and terminal indicators.
2. Inspect and calibrate gauges, meters.
3. Physical inspection and cleaning.
4. DGA (dissolved gas analysis).
5. Inspect oil condition.
6. Inspect alarm relays/contacts.
7. Inspect pressure relief device.
8. Thermographic scanning.
9. Inspect fans/filters.
Maintenance activities on transformers

• 5-Year
1. Insulation test.
2. Inspect conservator and bladder.