Basic

Concepts
of
Gender and
Development
 BASIC GAD CONCEPTS

SEX VERSUS GENDER

clevelandclarion.com
SEX VERSUS GENDER

Sex and Gender: Is

there a difference?
 SEX VERSUS GENDER

SEX is concerned with differentiating people

based on biological attributes such as:
• physical - body contour,
features, genitals,
reproductive organs
• genetic - chromosomes,
hormones
• label - female or male;
man or woman

- is universal and fixed i.e., does not

change in time or location
 SEX VERSUS GENDER
DIMENSION OF SEX
SEX DIMENSION MALE FEMALE

1. Chromosomes XY XX
2. Gonads Testes, Ovaries
3. Hormones Androgens Estrogens
4.  External genitalia Penis, Scrotum, Labia, Clitoris,
5. Internal accessory Prostate, seminal vesicles, Breasts
organs vas deferens Vagina, uterus,
6. Secondary sex Sperm emission  fallopian tubes,
Characteristics Menstruation
 SEX VERSUS GENDER

Because of Sex, there are designated

sex/biological roles of men and women!
Impregnation

Getting pregnant

Giving birth
On the other hand
Gender is….
 is concerned with differentiating
GENDER people based on perceptions, roles,
and social expectations

It is concerned
about femininity
or masculinity
are the characteristics, attitudes,
feelings, and behaviors that
SOCIETY expects of females and
males
THEREFORE…
Gender is learned or
acquired, and changes
from country to
country or through
time.
 SEX VERSUS GENDER

1. Hormones ------------------SEX
2. XX---------------------------- SEX
3. Leader --------------------- GENDER
4. Follower ------------------- GENDER
5. Nipples --------------------- SEX
6. Sexy ------------------------- GENDER
7. Child rearing -------------- GENDER
8. Menstruation ------------ SEX
9. Adam’s Apple ------------ SEX
10. Sperm cell ---------------- SEX
11. Child bearing ------------ SEX
12. Penis ---------------------- SEX
13. Testes --------------------- SEX
14. Carpentry --------------- GENDER
 How do we learn and acquire our
gender identities?
We learn through Gender role socialization…
• the lifelong process of learning to be masculine or feminine,
primarily through four main agents of socialization: families,
schools, peers, and the media.
 What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
• Families are usually the primary source of socialization
and greatly impact gender role socialization.

Social learning theory

suggests that the babies
and children learn
behaviors and meanings
through social interaction
and internalize the
expectations of those
around them.
 What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
• Schools also socialize children into their gender roles.
For instance, research shows that
teachers treat boys and girls
differently.

• This may teach children that

there are different
expectations of them, based
on their sex.
What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
Media: television, movies, magazines, books, video games, and so
on, portray sex-role behavior in a highly stereotypical manner.
What Influences Gender Roles & Identities?
Peer groups are an important agent of
socialization.

– Teens are rewarded by peers when

they conform to gender norms and
stigmatized when they do not.
 GENDER DIFFERENCES: MEN AND WOMEN

The only difference between men and women lies in their SEX
(biological attributes and roles defined by biology) but never in
their GENDER…
If that is the case, then why is the gender roles &
identities of men and women different?
 GENDER DIFFERENCES: MEN AND WOMEN

Because most of the time what we are born

with (our SEX) determines our gender roles
and identities…

This is what we call Biological

Determinism
So, what is Biological Determinism?
Biological Determinism
 BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

Biological Determinism is a social theory which provides

that –

the biological differences between women and men

dictate a difference in social roles and personality, and
that
these differences reinforce the notion that men are
superior and women are inferior.
 EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

• These LIMITATIONS on men, and more particularly

on WOMEN hindered their potentials to develop,
thereby resulting to gender subordination and
biases –
Economic Marginalization
Political Subordination
Gender Stereotyping
Multiple Burden
Gender-Based Violence (GBV)
 EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

The assignment of gender roles, responsibilities, characteristics

and expectations by society created a divide between men and
women as they were put in their respective boxes –
Hence, certain roles, traits and characteristics are assigned or ascribed
distinctly and strictly to women or to men
- Macho - Weak
- Brave - Submissive
- Fighter - Caretaker
- Leader - Cry baby
- Breadwinner - Martyr
- Decision-maker - Fickle-minded
- Polygamous - Moody
 EFFECTS OF BIOLOGICAL DETERMINISM

DENIED MEN ACCESS TO: DENIED WOMEN ACCESS TO:

• Be a nurturer • Work
• Express emotions • Achievement
• Other-oriented WORLD • Independence
OF DOMESTIC LIFE • Power

LIMITATIONS
And Its Manifestations
 refers to…
 Cultural beliefs that favor one sex
 Perceptions over the other, not on
 Practices the basis of
 Values individual merits but
 Roles on what society
 Attitudes recognizes as having
 Structural arrangements greater value.
 MANIFESTATIONS OF GENDER BIAS:
• Stereotyping
• Subordination
• Double/multiple
burden
• Marginalization
• Gender Division of
Labor
• Gender-Based
Violence
Marginalization
 Women’s work, especially
their reproductive
functions of child bearing,
child rearing and family
care and housework, are
not considered as directly
contributing to economic
development.
Subordination
Imposing that power and
leadership in the home,
community, workplace, and in
society must be occupied by men.

Preventing or blocking the person

from going up the ladder because
of their sex.
 Gender Stereotyping
 Automatic labels, characteristics or
roles given to men and women that
are dictated by culture and society .

Source: genderspectrum.weebly.com
◦ Society’s institution (family,
schools, government, church,
media) reinforced a biased
perception of women as the
weaker sex, and their roles,
functions and abilities as primarily
tied to the home.
 Gender Division of Labor
• The allocation of
differential tasks, roles,
responsibilities and
activities to women and
men according to what
is considered socially
and culturally
appropriate.
Source: http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger/274/2073/1600/division%20of%20labour.2.gif
Gender Division of
Labor at Home
Multiple Burden
• Assumption and performance of
several tasks or responsibilities
– Even if women hold jobs outside
the home, essentially putting in
the same working hours as the
men, and participate in
community activities, housework
and child family care are still
primarily considered as a
woman’s concern.
Gender-Based Violence
• Gender Based Violence (GBV)
is an umbrella term for any
harm that is perpetrated against
a person’s will as a result of
power inequities based on
gender roles. (Gender Based
Violence Tools Manual, Jeanne
Ward, 2003)
 Forms of GBV

Psychological Abuse

Physical Abuse

Economic Abuse
Forms of GBV

Sexual Abuse
 Forms of GBV

Dowry-related Violence
 Forms of GBV

Clitoris is cut-off
Clitoris and Labia are
removed
Female's genitals are
removed and the area
is sewn shut
Discriminatory Cultural Practices (Female
Genital Mutilation)
VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

How are these Gender

Biases transmitted from
one Generation to
another Generation?
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

GENDER BIASES ARE TRANSMITTED

Family Church
Self
School Tri-Media

Government
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

The first learning

Family
experiences of children
happens at home.

• Most of the time,

parents transmit
gender
stereotypes to
their children
• Children learn
what they see in
their parents.
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

School
Although equally accessible to both males and
females education encourages gender bias:

 Textbooks & Curricula- stereo-type images; exclusive

language; career options (gender tracking of professions).
Ex.Practical Arts (Making handicraft for boys)
Home technology for girls
 Teachers channel students towards gender appropriate
behaviors & activities.
VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

School
 SCHOOL IMPLICATIONS
• COURSES FOR BOYS:
• Engineering, Medicine, Architecture, Criminology

• COURSES FOR GIRLS

• Nursing, Social Work, Secretarial, Education
•
 GOVERNMENT/PRIVATE OFFICES
Male – PNP/AFP/BJMP/BFP/BUREAU OF CUSTOMS (Government)
Electric Cooperatives and Security Agencies (Private)
Female –DEP ED, DSWD,DOH
VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Quad-media
There are several
misrepresentations of the
gender roles of women and
men in our tri-media, and
the de-valuing of women’s
dignity and
commodification of her
body.
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Misrepresentation of Gender Roles in Media

Women = submissive, dependent &
primary caregivers
- versus –

Men = in authority,
independent and the
primary breadwinners
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Why are the women always portrayed by media as the Victim

and men as the Aggressor?

Our society still abhors men who are weak…

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Misrepresentation of Gender Roles in Media

Women = helpless, dependent, incompetent, weak
therefore, the VICTIM

- versus –

Men = strong, in authority, influential

therefore, the AGGRESSOR
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Misrepresentation of Men
and Women through
Stereotypical Images
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Defines IDEAL
MAN
ADONIS
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Defines the IDEAL

WOMAN

BARBIE body
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

De-valuing and Commodification of

Women and her Body in Media
» Because sex sells products, sexual & erotic
images are the most prominent characteristic
presented in advertising.

» Pathologizing (treating unhealthy) the

Human Body
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Describe the picture? What do you see in the picture?

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

It’s a Wine Glass!

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Commodification of the Body

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Commodification of the Body

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

De-valuing of Women’s Inherent Worth and Dignity

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Commodification of the Body

VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Disrespect of the Woman’s Plight

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Disrespecting the Victim’s Plight by making RAPE A JOKE

An Australian woman was raped and killed
in a hostage incident in a Philippine prison
in 1989. An official, while telling her story
made a statement:
 ”Napakaganda, dapat Mayor ang
mauna.”

A comedian once commented that any

rape scene of Jessica Soho would
A T-Shirt Design that definitely have to be a gang rape. And that
shows Rape is just a mere the rapists would say, "Ipasok ang
struggle with a snuggle… lechon!" And then the rapist would ask,
"Nasaan ang apple?“
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Commodification of the Body

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Commodification of the Body

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Commodification of the Body

 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

The bigger problem is…

When people consider the de-valuing, commodification
and disrespect of the woman’s body as an Economic
opportunity rather as a form of Exploitation..

Women who are reluctant to speak out will continue to

participate in the cycle of exploitation, and when they
become mothers will have a tendency to raise their
children in the same paradigm that will result to distorted
images of men and women.
VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Church
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Our Religious Practices…

Teach gender differentiation and inequality through symbolisms that are
conveyed in a male-dominated religious hierarchy

Marriage veil on women’s head Women are given the arras coins
symbolizes submission of the to symbolize that they should
wife to the husband’s will. take good care of the wealth of
the family.
VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES

Government
Filipino women continue to be
objects of sexual
discrimination, violation, and
violence because of the
deficiency in gender
sensitivity among government
officials and personnel, and
the lack of the strong of
political will to enforce the
law. (Excerpt from the Speech of
Karen Vertido before the UN CEDAW
Committee)
 VEHICLES IN TRANSMITTING GENDER BIASES
“Tougher adultery laws on
women should be maintained.”
- PAO Chief Persida Rueda
Acosta
What should have been a
serious inquiry in aid of
legislation at the House of
Representatives on the alleged
drug trade turned into a jeering
match when the love affair of a
female politician and the star
witness became the focus of the
inquiry. (Philippine Daily Inquirer)
Gender stereotyping in rape trial (Karen
Tayag Vertido case)  
• Victim blaming
• Wearing shorts is a call to being
raped.
• Woman should not be attending
meetings in the evening.
• Decisions that are premised on
sexists myths
• A woman of relatively high
education cannot be raped.
 GENDER BIASES AND GENDER ISSUES

Gender Biases
such as Marginalization,
Subordination, Gender Stereotyping,
Gender Division of Labor, Multiple
Burden and GBV
result to GENDER ISSUES!
 GENDER BIASES AND GENDER ISSUES

Why?
Because…
gender biases result to unequal treatment,
status and conditions of women and
men.
 So how do we define

www.slideshare.net
 GENDER ISSUES

Gender Issues refer to…

• Challenges and concerns that arise from the
unequal status of women and men as a
result of our gender biases.
• Reflected in and perpetuated by laws,
policies, procedures, systems, programs,
projects and activities of government.
 GENDER ISSUES

Are gender issues

reflected in our Laws?
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Family Code

Revised Penal Code

 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Section 4. Ownership,
Family Code Administration, Enjoyment
and Disposition of
Community Property

• Art. 96. The Administration and enjoyment of the

community property shall belong to both spouses
jointly. In case of disagreement, the husband’s
decision shall prevail, subject to recourse to the
court by the wife for a proper remedy…
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Family Code Title IX – Parental

Authority
• Art. 211. The father and the mother shall jointly
exercise parental authority over the persons of
their common children. In case of disagreement,
the father’s decision shall prevail, unless there is
a judicial order to the contrary.
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Chapter 4. Effect of
Family Code Parental Authority Upon the
Property of the Children

• Art. 225. The father and the mother shall jointly

exercise legal guardianship over the property of their
unemancipated common child without the necessity of a
court appointment. In case of disagreement, the
father’s decision shall prevail, unless there is a judicial
order to the contrary.
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS
Manifestation of Gender Bias and
Family Code Provision corresponding Gender Issue

Article 96, Section 4 on Marginalization – decision of mother is not

Ownership etc. recognized
Article 211, Title IX on
Parental Authority Subordination – mothers are not good
decision makers
Article 224, Chapter 4,
Effect of Parental Authority Gender Stereotyping – fathers decide,
mothers follow

GBV – psychological and economic abuse

 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS
Revised Penal Code
Adultery (Art. 333) vs.
Who are guilty of adultery –
Adultery is committed by any
MARRIED WOMAN who shall have
sexual intercourse with a man not
her husband and by the man who
has carnal knowledge of her,
knowing her to be married…
Adultery shall be punished by
prision correccional in its medium
and maximum periods.
Concubinage (Art. 334)
Who are guilty –
Any HUSBAND who shall keep a
mistress in the conjugal dwelling, or
shall have sexual intercourse under
scandalous circumstances, with a
woman who is not his wife, or shall
cohabit with her in any other place,
shall be punished by prision
correccional in its minimum and
medium periods.
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Revised Penal Code

Difference: Penalty
Both are punishable by prision correccional
HOWEVER…

• Adultery: • Concubinage:
– “in its medium (2 years, – “in its minimum (6 months
4 months and 1 day to and 1 day to 2 years and 4
4 years) and maximum months) and medium (2
periods (4 years, 2 years, 4 months and 1 day
months and 1 day to 6 to 4 years)”
years)”
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Revised Penal Code

Difference: Commission of the Crime

Adultery: Concubinage:
◦ Single sexual ◦ A married man is liable only when he
does any of the following acts:
intercourse may  By keeping a mistress in the
constitute a crime. conjugal dwelling;
 By having sexual intercourse under
scandalous circumstances with a
woman not his wife;
 By cohabiting with her in any other
place.
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Act 3815 - Revised Penal Republic Act 10158 (March 2012)

Code (1930)
SECTION 1. Article 202 of the
Revised Penal Code is hereby,
Article 202. Vagrants and
amended to read as follows:
Prostitutes –
“Article 202. Prostitutes; Penalty. –
…. For purposes of this article, For the purposes of this article,
women, who for money or women who, for money or profit,
profit, habitually indulge in habitually indulge in sexual
sexual intercourse or lascivious intercourse or lascivious conduct,
conduct, are deemed to be are deemed to be prostitutes.
prostitutes.
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS

Revised Penal Code

Total Extinction of Criminal Liability
Art. 89. How criminal liability is totally extinguished. –
Criminal liability is totally extinguished:
7. By the marriage of the offended woman, as provided in
Article 334 of this Code.
“Art. 334, last par.: In cases of Seduction, Abduction, Rape
and Acts of Lasciviousness (SARA), the marriage of the
offender with the offended party shall extinguished the criminal
action or remit the penalty already imposed.
 GENDER ISSUES IN LAWS
Revised Penal Code Provision Manifestation of Gender Bias and
corresponding Gender Issue

Article 333 and Article 334 – Marginalization – double standard on

Adultery vs. Concubinage women; de-valuing of the dignity of women
Article 202 – Definition of
Prostitutes as reinstated in RA Gender Stereotyping – women are labelled
10158 as prostitutes

Article 89, par. 7 – Total Subordination – following parent’s decision

Extinction of Criminal Liability that will result to pre-mature marriages
 GENDER BIASES AND GENDER ISSUES

Our Gender Biases are reflected in

our work outputs
There should be Women are fickle
tougher penalties for minded, they
women who will should not decide
commit marital for the family…
infidelity because they
should be morally Men do not
upright - “Sila ang ilaw engage in
ng tahanan”… prostitution…
 GENDER ISSUES

Remember that…

Our beliefs, ideas,

attitudes, behaviors, and
even the systems that
we create are the causes
of gender issues which
block peoples’ capacity
to do and capacity to be.
 GENDER ISSUES

Hence…
Gender
issues affect
everybody,
men or
women, rich
or poor,
young or
old.
 GENDER ISSUES

How do we address gender

issues?
IMPLEMENTATION OF
GENDER AND
DEVELOPMENT
INITIATIVES