Alcohol

Name : Aroosa Qamar

Roll no.: 2220033
What is Alcohol
● Alcohol is one of the most commonly consumed
intoxicating substances and legal in most parts of the
world.

● Drinking too much can cause a range of unintended

consequences, and increase one’s risk for a variety of
health problems.

● Alcohol (ethanol) is formed when yeast breaks down

the sugars in certain foods (such as grapes, barley,
potatoes) through a process called fermentation.
 Effects on Neurotransmitter

● Works on Gaba and Glutamate

● Increases Gaba , the calming neurotransmitter
● The increased Gaba leads to compensatory
increase of Glutamate the excitatory
neurotransmitter.
“Alcohol is the active ingredient in
drinks such as beer, wine, and hard
liquor.”
 Alcohol Use disorder
● When a person has ● Severe AUD, also known as
trouble controlling their addiction, is a chronic,
drinking despite negative relapsing brain disease
consequences to their characterized by
health and/or ● compulsive alcohol use
relationships, they may ● loss of control over
have an alcohol use alcohol intake,
disorder (AUD). ● negative emotional state
when not drinking.
 Effects
Heavy drinking can damage
• Heart,
• Liver,
• Pancreas,
• Weaken the immune system,
• increase the person’s risk of developing
certain cancers.
Treatment for AUD
The best available
treatment for AUD
involves the combination
of medications and
behavioral counseling,
known as medication-
assisted treatment or
MAT.
 Continue………

Mutual aid groups, such as Alcoholics

Anonymous (AA), and SMART Recovery
can provide recovery support services to
compliment treatment
 Three important Medications
Blocking the receptors in the brain that
are involved in craving alcohol or the
💊 Naltrexone rewarding effects of drinking. (Pill
daily & injection per month)

Maintain abstinence from alcohol by

💊💊 Acamprosate alleviating some negative symptoms of
prolonged abstinence. ( pill that is taken
three times per day).

causes unpleasant symptoms such as nausea

💊💊💊 Disulfiram and flushing of the skin when a person
drinks.
Wanting to avoid those unpleasant effects
can help some people refrain from drinking.
 Side Effects
Naltrexone
Acamprosate
Sleep problems
tiredness Diarrhea
anxiety gas
● headache upset stomach
● dizziness loss of appetite
● joint and muscle pains dry mouth
● abdominal pain and cramps dizziness
● nausea, vomiting itching
weakness
Disulfiram nausea
anxiety
● Drowsiness, ● difficulty falling asleep
● tiredness, headache, acne, ● staying asleep
and metallic/garlic-like taste ● sweating
in the mouth
 Alcohol withdrawal
● Anxiety, Insomnia ,Automatic
Dysfunction may persist up to
three months
● Alcoholism is a chronic
disease
● Alcoholic are usually not
successful as the moderate
drinkers
● Minor Withdrawal 6 to 36
hours
● Alcoholic hallucinosis 12 to
48 hours
● Delirium tremens 48 to 98
hours
● Acute withdrawal is treated
with benzodiazepines
(GABA)
1. Lorazepam (Ativan)
2. Clonazepam ( Klonapin)
Researches
New study finds even moderate alcohol consumption may increase brain
damage, potentially through iron overloaded
( Research 14 July 2022)
 Pharmacological treatment of youth substance use disorders
(Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology 2019)

● Pharmacotherapy, in
combination with behavioral
● Despite alcohol and cannabis
interventions, has the potential
being the most commonly used
to increase the likelihood of
substances during adolescence,
successful treatment for youth
only three medications have
struggling with SUD
been tested among this
● There are no Food and Drug demographic, and only two
have warranted further study
Administration (FDA)-
● naltrexone for alcohol
approved medications for
● N-acetylcysteine for cannabis
adolescent SUD, other than
use disorder).
buprenorphine, which has
been approved down to 16
years of age for opioid use
disorder.
 Continue………….
● Although less common in
adolescents and young adults,
the most promising
pharmacological findings for
this age group are for opioid
(buprenorphine) and tobacco
(bupropion and varenicline)
use disorders.
● In addition, despite the recent
marked increases in electronic
nicotine delivery systems (i.e.,
vaping) among youth,
treatment strategies are still in
their infancy and no
recommendation exists for how
to promote cessation for youth
vaping.
Thank You