Introduction to Mechanical Engineering

Module – 1
Introduction

Mr. Deepak P
Dept of Mechanical Engineering
NIE - Mysore
 Engineering is the application of mathematics, empirical
evidence and scientific, economic, social, and practical
knowledge to invent, innovate, design and maintain,
research and improve structures, machine tools systems ,
components materials and processes.
Engineering The creative application of scientific
principles to design of develop structures, machine
apparatus or manufacturing process.
 What is Mechanical Engineering?

 Mechanical engineering is a discipline of engineering that applies the principles of physics and material science for
analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems.
 Role of Mechanical Engineering in Industries & Society

 The automobile
 The spacecraft technology
 Power generation
 The airplane
 Agricultural mechanization
 Computer aided engineering technology
 Air conditioning & refrigeration
 Integrated circuit mass production
 Bioengineering
 Codes & standards
1. Automobile

2. Spacecraft technology
3. Power generation

4. Airplane
 5. Agricultural mechanization

6. Computer aided engineering technology

7. Air conditioning & refrigeration

8. Integrated circuit mass production

9. Bioengineering

10. Codes & standards

 ENERGY AND ENERGY CONERSIONS
 Energy is defined as “Capacity to do work”.

  Kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses

due to its motion.
 Potential energy is the  energy that an object has due to its
position in a force field.

10
 Energy Sources and Classifications

 Capital Energy : Fossil fuels, nuclear fuels and heat traps.

 Celestial Energy: Electro magnetic, gravitational and Particle energy.

 Conventional Energy: Fossil fuels such as Coal, petroleum and other

natural gases, Hydel energy.

 Nonconventional energy: Solar, Tidal, Wind, Biomass, Nuclear, etc.

 Renewable Energy resources:
–
Solar
–
Geothermal
–
Tidal
–
Wind
–
Biomass
–
Hydropower

 Non-renewable Energy resources:

–
Fossil Fuels
–
Nuclear Fuels
 Formation of Conventional Energy Sources
Petroleum & Natural Gas Coal
 Formation of Coal

Ancient plants including trees, ferns grew in

swamps and bogs

These plants were died and were gradually

buried under layer of sediments

Under the application of heat and pressure

the organic material undergo number of
transitional states to form a coal
 Formation of Petroleum

Ancient microscopic plants and bacteria that

live in occean

This plants are dead and settled in the sea

floor they mixed with sand and silt to form
organic rich mud

Under the application of heat and pressure

the organic ooze forms shale

Shale chemmically transforming in to

petroleum

Has the liquid petroleum are dense than water

and lighter mover upwards through the earth
crust
 Formation of Natural gas

Plankton – tiny water dwelling organisms

and algae that live in ocean

This plants are dead and settled in the sea

floor they mixed with sand and silt to form
organic rich mud

Under the application of heat and pressure

the organic material into natural gas

Because of its low density relative to petroleum

hence the natural gas are over the petroleum
 Conversion or Utilization of Conventional Energy Sources

 Fossil fuels
Fossil Fuel Cell System
 Nuclear Energy
Nuclear energy is obtained in nuclear reactors and used for generation of electricity.
Two Types
Nuclear Fission : Uranium, Plutonium, Thorium
Nuclear Fusion : Deuterium or Tritium.
 Nuclear Energy
Nuclear means the process which involves nucleus

Nuclear fusion can be defined as a nuclear reaction in which lighter nuclei are combined together to
form heavier product nuclei with the release of enormous amount of energy.

Nuclear fission involves splitting the nucleus of heavy atoms in a controlled nuclear chain reaction.
Nuclear Power Plant
Hydel Energy
 Hydel Energy:
 Solar Energy

 Solar Energy
Sun emits energy in the form of photons, by the virtue of nuclear fusion reaction.
Primary processes for converting solar energy into other forms:
 Helio-chemical process: Uses photo-synthesis for conversion. A biological conversion of solar
energy into chemical energy called bioenergy.

 Helio-electrical process: Solar energy directly converted into electrical energy. Uses photo-
voltaic cells, p-type and n-type films and glasses for conversion.

 Helio-thermal process: The rays from sunlight is converged to a point where the heat of rays
creates thermal energy. Direct conversion of solar energy into thermal energy.
 HELIO-CHEMICAL PROCESS

EX:BIO ENERGY AND CONVERSION

Anaerobic digestion in the absences of oxygen and pyrolysis takes place to form biogas
Helio Electrical Process

• Silicon + arsenic = n type

• Silicon + boron = p type
• Battery needed as storage.
Helio Thermal Process (Flat Plate Collector)
People have been harnessing solar energy for a long time!

Solar collector for

heating water

A home in California in 1906

 Applications

Cooking Water Heating

Solar Cooking
 Wind Energy Conversion
 A wind energy conversion or harvesting is a machine that is powered by the energy of the winds generates
a mechanical energy that can be used to milling , pumping of water etc.
Wind Energy Conversion
Introduction to Bio Fuels
 Bio Fuels

 Biofuel is a fuel that is produced over a short time span from biomass, rather than by the very slow natural
processes involved in the formation of fossil fuels, such as oil.
 Biofuel can be produced from plants or from agricultural, domestic or industrial biowaste.
 Biofuels are mostly used for transportation, but can also be used for heating and electricity.
 Biofuels (and bioenergy in general) are regarded as a renewable energy source.

Types Of Biofuels
Biofuel is generally available in all regions of the world, which mainly include fuels like:
 Biodiesel
 Bioethanol
 Bio methanol
 Production of Biofuel from the Plant Products
 Wood, straw and domestic refuse are used as a source of heat and energy.
 Biofuels can also be produced from animal fats, plant wastes and other organic wastes
produced from living organisms.
 This process is divided into three categories:
• First-generation: Biofuels are primarily produced from edible sugar, starch and other
food crops are grown on arable land.
• Second generation: Biofuels are produced from non-edible plant materials, such as plant
dry matter or woody biomass, or agricultural residues and wastes.
• Third generation: Biofuels are primarily produced from algae and microbes. Algal fuels
have high yields.
 Process of Biofuels

Step-1
 The crops of selected plants are let out freely to absorb the heat from the sun.
Step-2
 Later these crops are refined in factories to produce food products.
Step-3
 Once the food products are produced, these crops are refined to produce biofuel.
Step-4
 After the production of biofuels, they are collected in tanks and used for a different
process.
 Bio Fuels

 Advantages of Biofuel:
1. Promotes a healthier population.
2. It helps in maintaining a cleaner environment.
3. There is no emission of hazardous gases, such as Carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur oxide (SO).
4. Using biofuels rather than fossil fuels, there is the only emission of non-toxic materials, which
reduces the risk of cancer and breathing problems in human beings.
5. Biofuels are friendly to the environment because they reduce the risk of global warming.
 Disadvantages of Biofuel:
1. It disturbs the life cycle.
2. Cost of labour and it requires huge space for storage.
3. More water consumption, especially in dry climates.
4. Growing biomass for biofuel production increases the demand for agricultural land.
 Bio Diesel

 Biodiesel is an alternative clean-burning renewable fuel similar to conventional diesel. It is

produced using animal fats, vegetable oils, and waste cooking oil. Due to its biodegradable
nature, it is used as a replacement for fossil diesel fuel. It can also be mixed with petroleum
diesel fuel in any proportion.

 Important Features of Biodiesel

1) Biodegradable and Renewable Fuel.
2) Safer to use and has low toxicity compared to fossil diesel fuel.
3) Lower exhaust emission rate than normal diesel fuel.
4) As per ASTM D 6751 quality parameters, the quality of diesel is analyzed.
5) Using biodiesel doesn’t require any diesel engine modification.
 Bio Diesel Production

 Biodiesel is produced from tallow, vegetable oil or animal fat, and waste oils. There are three
stages of this transformation of oil and fats to biodiesel.
a) Transesterification of the oil in which it is base-catalyzed.
b) The direct acid-catalyzed transesterification
c) Finally conversion of oil to fatty acid and then the formation of biodiesel.
 The production of biodiesel involves a chemical reaction. This chemical reaction is known as
transesterification.
 Transesterification is the chemical process, which converts natural fats and oils into Fatty Acid
Methyl Esters (FAME) or Biodiesel. Some of the major sources of suitable oil (to make
biodiesel) come from crops like palm, soyabean or rapeseed.
 High-quality biodiesel is made from rapeseed, but nowadays most of the biodiesel is produced
from waste vegetable oils obtained from chip shops, restaurants, and industrial food producers.
 Benefits of Bio Diesel
 Biodiesel and biodiesel blends are used in almost all diesel engines and vehicles.
 It is a carbon-neutral liquid, which means that the combustion of biodiesel never produces the net
output of carbon in the form of carbon dioxide like other mineral diesel.
 In 2007, British Royal Train ran its train with 100% biodiesel fuel.
 Used as heating oil – In many commercial & domestic boilers, biodiesel is also used as heating
fuel.
 Global Warming
 “Global warming is a gradual increase in the earth’s temperature generally due to the greenhouse effect
caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants. “
 This phenomenon has been observed over the past one or two centuries.
 This change has disturbed the climatic pattern of the earth.
 However, the concept of global warming is quite controversial but the scientists have provided relevant
data in support of the fact that the temperature of the earth is rising constantly.
 Causes of Global Warming

 Man-made Causes of Global Warming

 Deforestation
 Use of Vehicles
 Chlorofluorocarbon
 Industrial Development
 Agriculture
 Overpopulation
 Natural Causes of Global Warming
 Volcanoes
 Water Vapour
 Forest Blazes
 Effects of Global Warming

 Rise in Temperature
 Threats to the Ecosystem
 Climate Change
 Spread of Diseases
 High Mortality Rates
 Loss of Natural Habitat
 Ozone Depletion

 “The ozone layer is a region in the earth’s stratosphere that contains high concentrations of ozone and
protects the earth from the harmful ultraviolet radiations of the sun.”
 It has the potential to absorb around 97-99% of the harmful ultraviolet radiations coming from the sun that
can damage life on earth.
 If the ozone layer was absent, millions of people would develop skin diseases and may have weakened
immune systems.
 Ozone layer depletion is the thinning of the ozone layer present in the upper atmosphere.
 This happens when the chlorine and bromine atoms in the atmosphere come in contact with ozone and
destroy the ozone molecules.
 One chlorine can destroy 100,000 molecules of ozone. It is destroyed more quickly than it is created.
 The ozone-depleting substances (ODS) that contain chlorine include chlorofluorocarbon, carbon
tetrachloride, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, and methyl chloroform. Whereas, the ozone-depleting substances
that contain bromine are halons, methyl bromide, and hydro bromofluorocarbons.
 Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
 Chlorofluorocarbons
 Unregulated Rocket Launches
 Nitrogenous Compounds
 Natural Causes

Ozone-Depleting Substances Sources

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Refrigerators, air-conditioners,

solvents, dry-cleaning agents,
etc.

Halons Fire-extinguishers
Carbon tetrachloride Fire extinguishers, solvents

Methyl chloroform Adhesives, aerosols

Hydrofluorocarbons fire extinguishers, air-
conditioners, solvents
 Effects of Ozone Layer Depletion

 Effects on Human Health

 Effects on Animals
 Effects on the Environment
 Effects on Marine Life

Solutions to Ozone Layer Depletion

 Avoid Using ODS
 Minimise the Use of Vehicles
 Use Eco-friendly Cleaning Products
 Use of Nitrous Oxide should be Prohibited