Chemical Bonding

Chemistry for grade X

Learning objectives
• Describe the different types of bonding using ‘dot and cross’
diagram.

• Explain the ionic bonding, covalent bonding and metallic

bonding

• Determine the formal charge

• Determine the polarity on the compound

• Explain the sigma bond and pi bond

 Introduction

NaCl C12H22O11
Types of Chemical Bonding
Ionic Bonding

Covalent Bonding

Metallic Bonding
Types of Chemical Bonding
Although the atoms within molecules are
kept together by strong covalent bonds,
the forces between molecules are weak.
We call these weak forces intermolecular
forces.

 Van der Waals’ forces (temporary dipole)

 Permanent dipole-dipole forces

 Hydrogen bonds
Ionic Bonding
How are ions formed?
• Positive ions are formed when an atom
lose one or more electrons (Cation)

• Negative ions are formed when an

atom gain one or more electrons
(Anion)

• The charge on the ion depends on the

number of electrons lost or gained.
 Ionic Bonding
• When metals combine with non-metals, the electrons in the outer shell of
the metal atoms are transferred to the non-metal atoms.
• Metal transfer electron to nonmetal

+ -

2.8.1 2.8.7 [2.8]+ [2.8.8]-

 Dot symbol or Lewis symbol
• Lewis symbol is used for atoms to Neon has electronic
show their valence electrons. configuration 2.8 with
• Lewis structure shows the symbol Ne
connectivity of atoms within a
molecule.

Ne
• These Lewis symbols and Lewis
structures help visualize the valence
electrons of atoms and molecules,
whether they exist as lone pairs or
within bonds.
Dot symbol for Ionic compound
Salt table NaCl
+ -

Na

*Draw the dot symbol for CaCl2!

 Equation and predict formula
Ionic bonding form when metal give electron to non-metal, and they
form ions.
In sodium chloride, NaCl
Cation : Na Na+ + e-
Anion : Cl + e- Cl-

Magnesium has 12 atomic number, and fluorine has 9 atomic number.

a. Write the ionic formation equation for Mg and F.
b. determine the chemical formula of compound that can be formed.
c. Draw the dot and cross symbol for the compound.
Covalent Bonding
Single covalent bonds
• When two non-metal atom combine,
they share one or more, pairs of
electrons.

• A shared pair of electrons is called a

single covalent bond, or a bond pair.

• A single covalent bond is represented

by a single line between the atom.
 Dot symbol for Covalent compound

Bonding Lone pair

pair
• Not all electrons are used in bonding.
• the pairs of the outer shell electrons not used in bonding are
called lone pairs.
Bonding pair and lone pair

a b

c d
 Dot symbol for Covalent compound

3 +

Draw dot symbol for the following covalent bonded molecules.

Show the bonded pair and lone pair for each compound:
CCl4, Br2, BF3
 Multiple Covalent Bonds

+
Oxygen
molecule, O2
• Some atoms can bond together by sharing two pairs of electrons
called double covalent bond.
• A double covalent bond is represented by a double line between
the atoms.
 Multiple Covalent Bonds

+
Nitrogen
molecule, N2
• Some atom can bond together by sharing three pairs of electrons
called triple covalent bond.
• A triple covalent bond is represented by a triple line between
the atoms.
 Multiple Covalent Bonds
• Draw the dot symbol for the following compound:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
 Co-ordinate bonding
(dative covalent bonding)

• A co-ordinate bond is +
formed when one atom
+
provides both the electrons
needed for covalent bond.
+ H
• One atom having a lone
pair of electrons Lone pair
+
• A second atom having an
unfilled orbital to accept
the lone pair
 Co-ordinate bonding
(dative covalent bonding)

• In a displayed formula, a
co-ordinate bond is
represented by an arrow. +
• The head of the arrow
points away from lone pair
that forms the bond.
Co-ordinate bonding
(Al2Cl6)
 Co-ordinate bonding
• Some compounds use
multiple and deviate bond
• We used formal charge to
check the structure
 Formal Charge of the Atom
Formal charge = valence electrons – lone pair -

• Formal charge of Carbon = 4 – 0 -

=4–0–4
=0
• Formal charge of Oxygen = 4 – 0 -
=4–0–4
=0
 Formal Charge of the Atom
Formal charge = valence electrons – lone pair -
+

Formal charge of Nitrogen =5–0- Formal charge of Hydrogen =1–0-

=5–0–4 =1–0–1
= +1 =0
Formal Charge of the Atom
Determine the formal charge in carbonate ion
2-
 Electronegativity
and Polarity

• Electronegativity is a
measure of the
tendency of an atom to
attract electrons (or
electron density)
towards itself.
Electronegativity
and Polarity
• The greater the difference in electronegativity,
the more polarized the electron distribution and
the larger the partial charges of the atoms.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Oregon_Institute_of_Technology/OIT%3A_CHE_202_-_General_Chemistry_II/
Unit_6%3A_Molecular_Polarity/6.1%3A_Electronegativity_and_Polarity
 Electronegativity
and Polarity

Determine the type of bonding on the following compound whether ionic bonding, polar
covalent, or non-polar covalent:

HCl KF NaCl

bond between CC in CH3CH3

 Differences Ionic and Covalent bond
Property Ionic compounds
Elements in compound Metal and non-metal
Type of particle Only ions
Volatility – melting and High melting and boiling
boiling point points because ions are held
together by strong forces
Solubility Most are soluble in water but
insoluble in organic solvent
Electrical conductivity Conduct when molten or
dissolved in water because
the ions are free to move. Do
not conduct as solid
Covalent compounds
Two or more non-metal
Simple molecules
Low melting and boiling points
because intermolecular forces are
weak
Most are insoluble in water but
soluble in organic solvent
In general do not conduct as solid,
liquids, or in solution. A few react
with water and form ions, and
these conduct in aqueous solution
 Macromolecules
These are giant covalent structures which have
millions of atoms held together by covalent
bonds.

Properties of diamond Uses

Very high melting point
Hardest substance known Drill bits, cutting glass and metal
Does not conduct
electricity
• Diamond Colorless crystal that jewelry
glitter
 Macromolecules
The bonding between
layers is much weaker and
the electrons delocalized
within the structure.

Properties of graphite Uses

Black shiny solid
• Graphite Soft with a slippery almost As a lubricant
soapy feel In pencil
conduct electricity To make electrodes
High melting point
 bonds and bonds
• Sigma and pi bonds are formed by the overlap of atomic orbitals.

• The greater the overlap, the stronger the bond.

 bonds and bonds
• Bonds formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals are called 𝜋 bonds

• Though the two clouds of electrons in a bonds represent one bond consisting
of a total two electron.
bonds and bonds
bonds and bonds
•
Hybrid Orbitals
When p orbitals are involved in forming single bonds, they becoming modified to
include some s orbital character.

• The process of mixing atomic orbitals is called hybridization.

• When hybridized orbitals overlap linearly (end-on) we call the bond a bond (sigma
bond)

Modified p atomic s atomic orbital bond

orbital

sp hybridization
Metallic Bonding
• The structure of a metal can
be described as a lattice of
positive ions in a ‘sea of
electrons.

• Malleable and ductile

 Sources
• https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_
-_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/09._Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_T
heories/9.S%3A_Molecular_Geometry_and_Bonding_Theories_(Summary)
• https://www.chemguide.co.uk/atoms/bonding/dative.html