PREPARE BY:

LECTURERS
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UITM PASIR GUDANG

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

CONTENT:
1. Bar chart.
2. Critical Path Method Network analysis;
1. Activity on Arrow Analysis (AON) @ Precedence
Diagram.
2. Activity on Arrow (AOA).
3. Introduction to construction project
planning using software (e.g. Microsoft
Project or any latest software);
1. Work scheduling.
2. Resources management.
3. Project Financing .
4. Introduction to quality assessment
system in construction.
1. QLASSIC.
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At the end of the course, the students should be able

to:-
CO1: Justify basic knowledge of the engineering
management skills in the construction industry.
CO2: Construct investigation related to pre-construction
activities with implementation of good management
practices during construction.
CO3: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding or
engineering management skills in task related to
structural and material.
3

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

» PO1: Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural
science, engineering fundamentals and an engineering
specialization to wide practical procedures and
practices.

» PO5: Apply appropriate techniques, resources, and

modern engineering and IT tools to well-defined
engineering problems, with an awareness of the
limitations.

» PO11: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of

engineering management principles and apply these to
one’s own work, as a member or leader in a technical
team and to manage projects in multidisciplinary
environments.
 At the end of this chapter, students
should be able to:
Construct Bar chart.
Construct Critical path method network
analysis.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Planning, scheduling and control of the functions operations
and resources of a project are among the most challenging
tasks faced by a professional construction manager.
 Planning, scheduling and control technique is important to
ensure the construction process run smoothly.
 In the construction phase, the professional construction
manager or general contractor normally provides the overall
planning, scheduling, and control needed to sequence
operations properly and to allocate efficiently the resources
involved.
 Work Planning is the heart of good project management
because it provides the central communication that
coordinates the work of all parties.

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Desired result of project planning:
•Complete the project on time.
•Continuous flow of work.
•Reduce amount of rework.
•Minimize confusion and misunderstanding.
•Knowledge of distribution of costs of the project.
•Accountability of people, define responsibility/
authority.
•Clear understanding of who does what, when and
how much.
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KEY PRINCIPLES FOR PLANNING AND SCHEDULING:

Begin planning before starting work, rather than after starting

work.
Involve people who will actually do the work in the planning
and scheduling process.
Include all aspects of the project: scope, budget, schedule and
quality.
Build flexibility into the plan include allowances for changes.
Remember that schedule is the plan for doing the work, and it
will precisely correct.
Communicate the plan to all parties.

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 The simplest, and the most common form of
scheduling technique.
 Bar chart (sometimes call Gantt Chart) was
developed by Henry L. Gantt. It is the oldest method
which is direct, easily understood yet has limited
application.
 Used for small project and with few activities.
 A Bar Chart graphically describes a project consisting
of a well-defined collection of tasks or activities, the
completion of which marks its end.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 An activity is a task or closely related group of
tasks whose performance contributes to
completion of the overall project.
 In a typical Bar Chart, the horizontal scale is
divided into time elements (days, weeks, etc)
while the vertical axis displays the activities.
 The length of a bar is used to represent the
duration of an activity while its position on the
chart indicates when the work should begin and
end.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
BAR CHART GIVE THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION:
The proposed date against the actual date of an
activity starting/finishing.
The proportion compared to the total job
completed.
The period of time by which activity is moving
ahead or lagging behind the schedule.
Time by which the remaining work is to be done.

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BAR CHART IS DRAWN BY USING A HORIZONTAL BAR
OR LINE CHART WITH THE FOLLOWING FEATURES:
Activities identified on the left hand side.
Time scale drawn on the top or bottom of the
chart along the x-axis.
A horizontal open bar or line is drawn against each
activity indicating the estimated time duration.
At a review point, the oblongs or bars are shaded
to represent the actual time spent.

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 Duration Months
Activities
Start On
Month
Months 1 2 3 4 6 7 8
1 2
Site clearing 5
1 2
2
3 3
Structural
Work 3 4

4 4
Infrastructural work
5 3
8 1
Cleaning up
8 1

Proposed Time

Actual Time

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 Bar chart is widely accepted because most people readily
understand it.
 It is easy to use and interpret.
 It shows the total program in compact format, which is easy
to use in office and field.
 It afford to show visually the plan and the progress of the
project.
 It is able to present project progress graphically.
 It is simple and quick to generate.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Order of the activities is not shown.
 The interrelationship and dependency of activities are not
defined.
 It does not integrate costs or resources with the schedule,
such as labour-hours, which are important for management
design. It only considers the time.
 It does not indicate critical path and critical activities.
 It cannot be easily modified to reflect the actual situation.

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 Provides a framework for organizing and
ordering activities.
 Breaks a project down into greater detail
by level.
 Organizes without scheduling.
 A planning tool and not scheduling
method.

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 To breakdown the project visible items that
can be controlled and are small enough for
accurate estimates.
 To specify work packages for which
authority, accountability and responsibility
can be assigned to specific personnel.
 To ensure the progress of the work packages
can be measured.
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 This up-front format planning and scheduling helps the
project team to identify conflicts in resources before it
occur.
 The CPM scheduling is a graphic network that shows
the sequence of the project tasks, the task duration
and the relationship of tasks to one another.
 The CPM network will also provide the ‘critical path’
that is, those tasks that are required to be done on
time and is sequenced to meet the overall project
dateline or completion date.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
1. Define the project and prepare the WBS.
2. Develop relationships among activities, activities precede
and activities that follow after.
3. Draw the network connecting all the activities.
4. Assign time estimates; Early Start (ES), Early Finish (EF),
Late Start (LS), Late Finish (LF) and cost estimates for each
activity.
5. Determine the critical activities and compute the longest
time path or the critical path.
6. Use this network to plan, schedule and monitor and
control the project.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Useful for scheduling large projects.
 It makes use of straight the forward concept and not
mathematically complex.
 It makes use of graphically networks to show and highlight
relationships among project activities.
 The network shows each activity and therefore can link to who
is responsible for the activity and its progress and completion.
 The network can show which activity is critical and which
activity can be delayed.
 In the networks, there are many paths, and it can show which
path is the most critical.
 The network can lead to the computation of total project
completion time.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Project activities have to be clearly defined, independent and
stable in their relationships.
 Precedence relationships must be specified and networked.
 Time estimates tend to be subjective are subjected to the
estimates of the planners or project manager.
 There is tendency or inherent danger of overlap focusing on
the critical path and the critical activities only, in which there
are also other important factors such as costs, quality,
compliance to standards and customer and legal
requirements that need to be tended to.
 Use of dummy activities is cumbersome and confusing.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
BASIC DEFINITIONS OF TERMS IN CPM
Time
Earliest Start Time (ES) = EF - Activity Duration (D)
Earliest Finish Time (EF) = ES + D
Latest Start Time (LS) = LF - D
Latest Finish Time (LF)
Total Float (TF) = LF – EF or LS – ES
Free Float (FF)

Activity
Dummy Activity
Critical Activity
Critical Path

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Earliest Start Time (ES)
Earliest start time (ES) is the earliest time at which
a particular activity can begin.
It is calculated on the basis of the project’s
estimated start time and the duration estimates for
preceding activities.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Earliest Finish Time (EF)

Earliest Finish Time (EF) is the earliest time by which a

particular activity can be completed.
It is calculated by adding the activity’s duration
estimate to the activity’s earliest start time.
EF = ES + Activity Duration

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Latest Start Time (LS)
LS is the latest time by which a particular activity
must be started in order for the entire project to be
finished by its required completion time.
It is calculated by subtracting the activity’s duration
estimate form the activity’s latest finish time.
LS = LF - Activity Duration

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Latest Finish Time (LF)
LF is the latest time by which a particular
activity must be completed in order for
the entire project to be finished by its
required completion time.

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Total Float (TF)
TF is the amount of time an activity may be delayed without delaying the
completion date of the project.
TF represents how much delay each activity has in its starting time and
duration.

 If the TF is positive, it represents the maximum amount of time that the

activities on a particular path can be delayed without jeopardizing
completion of the project by its required completion time.
 If the TF is negative, it represents the amount of time that the activities
on a particular path must be accelerated in order to complete the project
by its required completion time.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Free Float (FF)
The amount of time an activity may be delayed without delaying
the early start time of the immediately following activity.

Dummy Activity
An activity represent by a dotted line on the arrow network
diagram notes that any activity following the dummy cannot be
started until the activities preceding the dummy are completed.
The dummy does not represent the duration of activity.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Critical Activity
If the TF is zero, the activities on the path cannot be
delayed at all.
An activity that has zero float is called critical activity.
A critical activity means that the activity cannot be
delayed at all. Otherwise, the delay of this activity will
affect the project completion time.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Critical Path
A project cannot be completed until the longest
path (Most time consuming) path of activities is
finished.
This longest path in the overall network diagram is
called the critical path.
A critical path is the path that consist of activities
with no delay, that is, zero float.The path with
positive float values is therefore a non critical path.
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 There are basic principles that must be followed in
preparing a network diagram.
 Network representation of a project is one method
of project management in terms of planning,
scheduling and control purposes.There are two (2)
forms of project networks:
i. Activity on Node (AON) @ Precedence Diagram.
ii. Activity on Arcs or Arrow (AOA).

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Activity on Node (AON)
Tasks or activities are represented by circles called
Nodes or Box, and
relationships are indicated by arrows called branches, arrows or arcs.
Each node represents an (unique) activity, and the arrows indicate the
precedence relationships.
Activities have a predecessor relationship, that is, they are linked in a
sequential order to show which activities must be finished before others can
start. An activity cannot start until all of the preceding activities that are linked
to it by arrows have been finished. This network is easier and commonly used
with less dependencies and dummy activities.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Activity on Arcs or Arrow (AOA)
Each activity has a begin and end point. The begin and end point
is expressed as Event.
Therefore, in this case the node is the Event. An Event represents
the start of activity and the finish of the activity.
The arrows connecting the two (2) events represent the Activity
that is called the Activity on Arc or Arrow (AOA). Tasks or activities
are represented by the arrows (or the arrows represented the
activity).

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Activity on Arcs or Arrow (AOA)
●Using this AOA, thereis a Dummy Activity where we may need to use to
indicate precedence when no activity exist. Dummy activity is represented by a
dashed arrow and has a time duration of ZERO.
●Dummy activity is only used in AOA network format for two reasons:
i. To help in the unique identification of activities.
ii. To show certain presidential relationships that otherwise could not be
shown.
iii. In AOA, there cannot be two activities, having the same predecessor—
successor relationship. Thus, the insertion of dummy activity allows such
combinations.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

The activities of a construction project are listed below.

Base on the information, determine:

i. The network diagram.
ii. The ES, EF, LS, LF, TF and FF for each activity.
iii. The critical activities and critical path.
iv. The project duration.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
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iii. Determine the critical path activities and critical path.
»Critical path: Activity A-C-E-F-G-H-I.
 
iv. Determine the project duration.
»Project duration = 10 days (LF of activity I).

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Use the method of
activity on arrow (AOA):

a)Draw the network

diagram.
b)Determine the ES, EF,
LS, TF and FF for each
activity.
c)Determine the critical
path.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
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 S-Curve is an analysis method to show the project
progress.
 It is an extension of Bar Chart and CPM methods.
 The S-Curve capable to show the cumulative
resources/costs of a project for a particular period
(daily/weekly/monthly).
 To prepare an S-Curve, a Bar Chart or CPM need to
be prepared first.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Draw the S-Curve of:

i) Cumulative Progress (Schedule)

ii) Cumulative Progress (Actual)

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

B) Progress until week 9
Progress (schedule) = 33/44 x 100% = 75.0%
Progress (actual) = 23/44 x 100% = 52.3%
75.0 – 52.3 = 22.7%
The progress of work is DELAY @ BEHIND THE SCHEDULE by 22.7%.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 MICROSOFT
PROJECT and
PRIMAVERA

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 Quality Assessment System in Construction (QLASSIC) is a
system or method to measure and evaluate the quality of
workmanship of a construction work based on the relevant
approved standard.

 QLASSIC enables the quality of workmanship between

construction projects to be objectively compared through a
scoring system.

 QLASSIC are based on standard developed in Construction

Industry Standard (CIS 7: 2006) by CIDB on November 2006.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 To benchmark the quality of workmanship of the construction
industry.
 To establish a standard quality assessment system on quality of
workmanship of construction work.
 To assess the quality of workmanship of a construction project
based on the relevant approved standard.
 To be used as a criterion to evaluate the performance of contractors
based on quality of workmanship.
 To compile data for statistical analysis.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Sets out the standard on quality of workmanship for various
construction elements of building and infrastructure construction
work.
The quality of workmanship of a construction work is assessed
according to the requirement of the relevant standard, and marks
are awarded if the workmanship complies with the standard.
These marks are then summed up to calculate the QLASSIC
Score (%) for a construction project.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 QLASSIC assessments are carried out through site
inspection and use the principles of first time inspection.
 Construction works that are rectified after an assessment will
not be re­assessed.
 The objective of this principle is to encourage the contractor
to "Do Things Right the First Time and Every Time”.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 QLASSIC assessment on a construction project shall be
carried out by assessors that have no interest and any
relationship with that project.
 All assessors shall fulfill requirements and undergo training
set by CIDB. Only assessors that pass the training will be
registered with CIDB as qualified QLASSIC assessors.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Prior to carrying out the assessment, construction elements that
need to be assessed are determined through a sampling and
statistical approach.
 These samples shall be distributed evenly throughout the project
or various construction stages.
 Assessment samples are selected from drawings and plans of the
relevant construction project.
 All locations in the construction project shall be made available for
the assessment.
 This is to ensure that the selected samples adequately represent
the entire construction project.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Source: CIDB
ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
  Project owner.
 Real estate and housing developer.
 Contractor.
 Others.

 No charges for assessment and processing fee for the time

being.
 Enables you to benchmark the quality of workmanship of your
construction project.
 Provides you a standard assessment system for quality of
workmanship of construction work.
 Enhances quality control of your construction work.
 Specified as a quality criterion for contractors performance
scorecard

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Source: CIDB

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 Source: CIDB (2016)
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ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
 A Sample of Inspected
Plan Tag.

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Photographic Box Photographic Box Photographic Box
with the defects in with the defects in with the defects in
Yellow Green Red Color Coded Yellow Color
Coded Coded

ECM367 PROJECT AND CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

 References and Acknowledgment:
IR JAMIL BIN MATARUL – UiTM SARAWAK
NURULZATULSHIMA – UiTM PENANG

77

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