PREVENTION OF SMOKING

BY,
Miss. RAGINI D
 We all are aware of the fact that life is full of ups and down. Health can be defined
as the physical, social, psychological and spiritual well-being of individuals.
Overall health of the population is determined by people’s income, education,
employment and housing. As well as a positive impact on the health of individuals is
the common goal among partners in the continuum of wellness promotion, illness
prevention and health care. The history of smoking can be dated to as early as 5000
BC; The smoking of cannabis in India has been practiced for over 4000 years.
SMOKING

The act of drawing into the mouth and puffing out the smoke of tobacco contained in a
cigarette, cigar or pipe
ANATOMYOF LUNGS

The human lungs are the organs of respiration in humans. Humans have two lungs. Each lung
is made up of sections called lobes. Right lung contains 3 lobes and the left lobe has 2 lobes. Each
lung weighs 1.1 kilograms (2.4 lb), therefore making the entire organ about 2.3 kilograms (5.1
lb).The conducting zone contains the trachea, the bronchi, the bronchioles, and the terminal
bronchioles The respiratory zone contains the respiratory bronchioles, the alveolar ducts, and the
alveoli. The conducting zone warms the air to37°C (99 °F) and humidifies the air. It also cleanses
the air by removing particles via cilia located on the walls of all the passage ways. The lungs are
surrounded by the rib cage. The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange with blood 
ANATOMYOF LUNGS (CONT.)

The pleural cavity is the potential space between the parietal pleura, lining the inner wall of the
thoracic cage, and the visceral pleura lining the lungs. The lung parenchyma is strictly used to refer
solely to alveolar tissue with respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles.
However, it often includes any form of lung tissue, also including bronchioles, bronchi, blood
vessels and lung interstitium. The sympathetic nervous system via nor adrenaline acting on the beta
receptors causes’ bronchodilation. The parasympathetic nervous system via acetylcholine, which
acts on the M-3 muscarinic receptors, maintains the resting tone.
ANATOMYOF LUNGS (CONT.)
INCIDENCE

31ST May is celebrated world NO Tobacco day. The fact is that tobacco consumption
compromises the health and economic well being of all citizens in a country, from
children, youth, men and women and its use present dangerous consequences for everyone.
Both smoking and smokeless tobacco use cause many forms of cancers, leading to early,
painful deaths of users in their productive years. According to the WHO, tobacco kills
more than 7 million people each year. Over 6 million deaths are results of direct
consumption. Whereas 8, 90,000 are the results of passive smoking. Nearly 100 million
premature deaths have been recorded in the 20th century and the figure is set to increase to
1 billion by the 21st century. Smoking kills over 1 million people in India annually and it is
the fourth leading cause of non-communicable disease (NCD). Such as cancer and heart
disease which account for 53 percent of all deaths in India.
INFLUENCING FACTORES OF CIGARETTE
SMOKING

The average age at which a individual starts smoking is between 13-16 years
specially school children, teenagers and special groups such as street children and
child labours are at risk of developing the smoking habit because of the following
reasons.
A) FAMILY HISTORY
• A family of smoking in two or more relatives
• Children of smoking father

B) ETHNIC BACKGROUND
• Genetic susceptibility
• Culture
• Modernization
C) OCCUPATION AND SOCIAL MILIEU
• Social pressure
• Separation from family and society
• Job related stresses
• Peer pressure

D) MASS MEDIA INFLUENCE (Advertisements)

 
E) HERO WORSHIP
 
F) CURIOSITY AND EXPERIMENT
G) EASILY ACCESSIBLE

H) FUN AND ENJOYMENT

I) WEAK PARENTAL CONTROL

J) LACK OF COMPREHENSIVE LAWS

K) PROHIBITING SALE OF TOBACCO TO MINORS.

VARIETIES OF TOBACCO SMOKING

• Cigarette
• Bidi
• Chutta
• Pipe/Hukka
 When cigarettes are smoked approximately 4000 chemicals and gases are
inhaled in to the lungs. Many carcinogens have been isolated from cigarette
smoke; 3,4-benzopyrene is most dangerous. At least 43 other components have
been identified as carcinogens. Nicotine is not carcinogen but is habit forming
psychoactive agent. Other chemicals such as Lead, Carbon Monoxide(CO),
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), Tar, Arsenic, Phenol, Acetone, Hydrogen
cyanide, Formaldehyde, Cadmium.
EFFECTS OR ILL EFFECTS OF SMOKING

An already mentioned tobacco contains 4000 chemicals which fall in three categories-
nicotine, carbon monoxide, and other organic chemicals. Nicotine leads to an increase in heart rate
and blood pressure due to narrowing of blood vessels. Carbon monoxide decreases the supply of
oxygen to the body tissues. Tar which is present in tobacco causes cancer to various organs. On the
whole, lungs and heart are most affected by smoking.
A) Genetic changes occur if smoking is started before 18 years of age.
B) ILL EFFECTS ON RESPITRATORY SYSTEM
• The following occur due to presence of carbon monoxide in the tobacco smoke.
• Lung cancer
• Bronchitis
• Emphysema
• Pulmonary tuberculosis (pulm.T.B)
C) ILL EFFECTS ON CARDIAC SYSTEM:-
Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease. People who smoke 20 cigarettes per day or twice as likely
to have heart attack as non-smoker. With an increase in the prevalence of smoking, more and more young people
are getting heart attacks and dying suddenly. Smoking is, in fact, the major or the only risk factor for heart
diseases in people below 40 year of age. Sudden death an occur if someone continues to smoke even after a
heart attack. Studies have revealed that three out of four young victims of heart attack are smokers. Following
are the common conditions.
• Ischemic heart disease
• Hypertension
• Tachycardia
• Increased cardiac output
• Myocardial infraction
• Coronary artery disease
• Elevated serum cholesterol
D) ILL EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON BLOOD VESSELS:-
Because of smoking major arteries can get blocked and this cause heart attack and foot gangrene etc., sometimes major
arteries may rupture and cause bleeding in the brain called CVA. (Cerebrovascular accident).Some of the conditions are
• Peripheral vascular disease
• Atherosclerosis
• Strokes
• Aortic aneurysm
E) NEURO MUSCULAR PROBLEM:-
• Fatigue
• Muscle pain
• Muscular degeneration and tremors
• Neuropathy
• Weakness
• Irritation and Dependency
F) SMOKING EFFECTS ON SKELETAL SYSTEM:-
• Osteoporosis
• Osteoarthritis
F) SOMKING EFFECTS ON PREGNANCY:-
Nicotine might reduce the placental circulation: Carboxyheamoglobinaemia is harmful to the body.
Smoking in pregnancy may lead to:

• Premature baby
• Low birth weight baby
• Death of baby before birth and
• Abortion.
G) EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON :
• Reproductive system:
• Male:
• Decreased sperm count
• Impotence
• Female:
• Premature baby
• Low birth weight baby
• Abortion
• Stillbirths
H) PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS DUE TO SMOKING:
• Head ache
• Anxiety
• Irritability
• Depression
• Poor concentration
• Inadequate sleep

I) SOCIAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SMOKING:-

• Social isolation
• Disturbed family and social relations
• Low socio-economic status
• Antisocial behaviour
J) ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SMOKING:-
• Fire
• Air pollution
K) OTHER CANCERS CAUSED BY SMOKING:-
• Cancer of the mouth, larynx, oesophagus, bladder, lungs, and breast.
L) OTHER PROBLEMS CAUSED BY SMOKING:-
• Bad breath
• Gingivitis
• Tremors
• Convulsions
• Cataracts
• Snoring
• Impaired immunity
• Stomach and duodenal ulcer.
APPROACHES TO PREVENTION OF
SMOKING
There are three kinds of approaches in prevention of smoking.
• Legal approach
• Educational approach
• Community approach
LEGAL APPROACH

• Legal control of distribution of tobacco

• Anti –smoking measures
• Prohibition of sales of tobacco products to minors
• Restriction on the sales of cigarettes
• Prohibition of smoking near schools and other public places
• Prohibition of cigarette advertisements insisting mandatory health warning on cigarette packets.
EDUCATIONAL APPROCAH

• Educational awareness programmes on ill or health effects of smoking for school children
• Public information, campaigns regarding ill effects of smoking.
 COMMUNITY APPROACH
• Educate young people not to take up smoking
• Control cigarette smoking among the public by mass approaches
• Demonstrate the ill effects of smoking by appropriate screening procedures
• Encourage all health workers to refrain from smoking, particularly in presence of people
• Health authorities should collaborate with the education authorities in preparing the health education
programme for schools, teacher training,
• Institutions, universities, and other educational establishments, curricula and teaching materials dealing with
the health hazards of smoking.
• The health authorities should co-operate with other government departments, the armed forces, professional
health organizations, voluntary health agencies, and other organizations such as religious, associations,
sports clubs, and men’s and women’s clubs in activities designed to stress the health hazards of smoking.
 Thus because of various health hazards, smoking is highly harmful to health Today we have
discussed regarding smoking and came to know about the meaning, anatomy of lungs, incidence,
causes, forms of tobacco use, contents of tobacco, health effects of smoking on health.