BIOLOGI 7th

grade

CAL
SCIENCE
Ethel May M. Magallanes, LPT
Teacher
 LESSON ROADMAP
Similarities and
Differences The Microscope and
between Animal,
01 02 Biotic & Abiotic
Plant, and Components of the
Bacterial Cells Environment

Biodiversity of 03 04 Ecological
Plants & Animals Relationships in
and Reproduction an Ecosystem
01
SIMILARITIES
AND
DIFFERENCES
OF PLANT,
ANIMAL, AND
BACTERIAL
 SIMILARITIES
Similarities
Bacterial Cells Plant Cells Animal Cells
DESCRIPTION
1. DNA/ Chromosomes Yes Yes Yes
2. Cell membrane Yes Yes Yes
Yes- in Yes- in
3. Structures to
No-occurs near organelle organelle
produce energy for
cell membrane called called
Cell - Cell Respiration
mitochondrion mitochondrion
Yes- Yes-
4. Structures that make Yes-poly-
endoplasmic endoplasmic
proteins and enzymes (many)
reticulum reticulum
for the cell ribosomes
(organelle) (organelle)
5. Cytoplasm Yes Yes Yes
 DIFFERENCES
Differences Animal
Bacterial Cells Plant Cells
DESCRIPTION Cells
1. Cell Wall Yes Yes No
2. Nucleus-nuclear membrane No Yes Yes
3. Fimbria-DNA transfer Some No No
4. Vacuoles No Yes Yes
Yes-blue-green
5. Chloroplasts (organelles) bacteria has a green
Yes No
(for photosynthesis) pigment that makes
its own food.
6. Flagella-mobility Yes No No
7. Capsule Some No No
 02
THE
MICROSCOPE
AND BIOTIC &
ABIOTIC
COMPONENT
 THE
MICROSCO
 NATURE
MILESTONE OF
MICROSCOPE
Hans and Zacharias Jansen produced the first compound microscope in
the 1590s.
Galileo Galilei was credited with inventing one of the first
compound microscope in the year 1625.

In 1665, Robert Hooke had access to many

microscopes available in Royal Society of London.

In 1674, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Dutch scientist,

worked to create stronger lenses that result to more
powerful microscope.
 NATURE
MILESTONE OF
TheMICROSCOPE
prototype for the compound microscope, which reduces spherical
aberration, or the “chromatic effect” was credited to Joseph Jackson
Lister in 1830.
In 1872, Ernst Abbe, research director of the Zeiss Optical
Works, wrote a mathematical formula called the “Abbe Sine
Condition”.
In 1903, Richard Zsigmondy developed the ultra-
microscope, and he won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry
in 1925.
 NATURE
MILESTONE OF
MICROSCOPE
Frits Zernike invented the phase- contrast microscope in
1932 for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953.

In 19th century, companies in Germany like Zeiss and an American

company founded by Charles Spencer began producing fine optical
microscope.
Today, there are no microscope manufacturers in the US and most of
the microscope comes from Germany, Japan and China.
WHAT IS A
MICROSCOPE?
 A microscope comes from the Ancient Greek ‘micros’ meaning
“small” and ‘skopien’, means “to look”, is a tool which can help you
see tiny objects and living organism. It makes them look bigger.
 The science of investigating small objects and structures using such
an instrument is called microscopy.
What makes a microscope determine how
clearly a small object can be viewed?
Magnification
Resolution or resolving power
WHAT IS A
MICROSCOPE?
There are different types of microscopes which differ in their
magnification and their resolving power.

OPTICAL
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
MICROSCOPE

Compound Transmission Electron Microscope

(TEM)

Stereomicroscope Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

Now, what are the parts and

function of a microscope?
 COMPOUND
MICROSCOPE AND
ITS PARTS
 BIOTIC and
ABIOTIC
Components of
the
Environment
Environment is a collection of living and nonliving things.
The living components of the environment are called
organisms. The nonliving components make up the physical
environment of these organisms.
Ecosystems are made up of living things (biotic components) and non-
living things (abiotic components). An Ecosystem may contain many
habitats.
Biotic components are the Abiotic Components are the
living parts of an ecosystem. non- living parts of an
The term “biotic” is formed ecosystem. The term “abiotic”
by the combination of two refers to the non-living entities
terms, “bio” meaning ‘life’ in the ecosystem. Sunlight,
and “ic” meaning ‘like’. water, land, temperature, all
constitutes the abiotic factors.
 BIOTIC
COMPONENT
 Human beings are one of the biotic components of an ecosystem and they
depend on plants for food because they are not capable of producing own.
 Animals and human beings are alike in many ways. They are also biotic
components that compose the ecosystem and help sustain the needs of
other living organisms. Animals get food from the ecosystem such as
plants, insects and mammals alike as well as the other forms of prey.
 Plants and grasses are also part of the biotic components of an ecosystem.
They provide food and other important elements like oxygen to humans
and animals. They also become source of shelter and other materials in the
ecosystem.
 Bacteria and decomposers are also biotic components that help break
down the remains of other living organisms by converting them into
 ABIOTIC
COMPONENT
 Water is one of the most important abiotic factors that carry life to all
living things. It covers the largest part of the world such as the ocean,
rivers, lakes and other bodies of water which are considered the
habitats of marine organisms. It is a component that completes the
process of food making in plants which is known as photosynthesis.
 Sunlight is another necessary abiotic factor in an ecosystem. It plays
a vital role in photosynthesis for the plants to sustain the production
of food for other living organisms. Without this factor, few organisms
will be able to survive.
 Oxygen is also an abiotic factor produced by plants that support
breathing among humans and animals. It helps decompose decaying
matters around us.
 ABIOTIC
COMPONENT
 Temperature a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness. It
affects the kind of living organisms that can survive in a certain
place.
 Soil is an abiotic factor where the plants grow and live. It contains
rock fragments and nutrients coming from the remains of decaying
bodies. It is also a home for different microorganisms and living
organisms like plants.
 Minerals/Nutrients are other essential substances from the soil
needed by plants and animals for their growth.
 Air in the atmosphere is comprised of gases needed for the growth
and development of organisms. An example of this is the carbon
dioxide which is needed by plants for food production; and oxygen
03
BIODIVERSITY
OF PLANTS &
ANIMALS AND
REPRODUCTIO
 Biodiversity refers to diversity or variability of living
organisms present on planet Earth, which have driven to
extinction millions of years ago. It also refers to as ‘biological
diversity’ which mainly denotes the total number of different
living species.
BIODIVERSITY OF
The diversity of plants on the planet earth is an important resource for food,
PLANTS
shelter, and agriculture. About thousands of plant crop species have been
identified, developed, used and relied on for the purpose of food and agricultural
production in human history.
BIODIVERSITY OF
species whichANIMALS
Like plants, the biodiversity of animals is vast and there are several animal
have been trained, domesticated and used for the food production,
for the agriculture and are the primary biological capital for livestock
development.
 TWO TYPES
OF
REPRODUCTI
ON
 ASEXUAL

REPRODUCTION
One individual (parent) produces offspring that is genetically identical to
itself.
 It does not involve sex cells or gametes, rather, it is reproduction by mitosis
allowing
a new, genetically identical individual to be produced.
 It does not allow genetic variation.
Vegetative
 It rapidly increases Production
numbers of an organism Binary and keeps its desired
combination of traits.
Fission
Budding Spore
Formation
Fragmentation -
 SEXUAL

REPRODUCTION
It occurs in plants, animals, and humans. Parts involved in the sexual
reproduction are called reproductive parts. These parts produces sex cells
orIngametes.
plants, petals are the most
attractive of all floral parts,
purposely so to attract insects.
The flower is the reproductive
organ of a plant that produces
the egg and sperm. Sex organs
are formed during the
reproductive stage of plant
development. In flowering
plants, sex cells are produced
The male reproductive organ is called the stamen. It is
made up of two parts: the anther and filament. The
anther produces the pollen, which contains the male
sperm cells and the filament that holds or supports the
anther up.
The female reproductive organ
is the pistil. Starting from the
top, it is composed of the
following parts: stigma, style,
ovary and the ovules. The
ovules are equivalent to the
pollen grains of the male
reproductive organ. They are
the sex cells produced in the
Flowering plants reproduce
ovary.
sexually through a process PARTS OF A
 SELF -
CROSS -
POLLINATION
POLLINATION
It happens when a plant’s It happens when the wind or animals
own pollen fertilizes its own move pollen from one plant to
Pollinators are
ovules. animals that carry pollen another. 
between plants. Many pollinators
are insects, like bees, butterflies, moths and beetles. Some birds, including
hummingbirds, also play a part. Likewise, certain mammals, like bats and
rodents, move pollen between plants. The colors and smells of flowers
often attract pollinators. Pollen will stick to a pollinator’s body as it feeds
on the flower’s nectar.
Fertilization is the next step after pollination. During
fertilization, the male gametes from the pollen join with
the female gametes in the egg. The egg, or eggs, are
found inside the stigma. The scientific word for an egg is
Humans (and all animals that reproduce sexually) have
cells called gametes. Gametes are formed during meiosis
and come in the form of sperm (produced by males) or
eggs (produced by females). When conditions are right,
sperm and egg unite in a process known as fertilization.
The resulting fertilized egg, or zygote, contains genes
from both parents.
Sexual reproduction occurs in a variety of ways in animals. In
some species, such as fish, the male releases sperm over the eggs
after the female has laid them. In other species, such as birds and
most mammals—including human beings—the male releases
sperm into the female reproductive tract. Some animals, such as
earthworms, are hermaphroditic—they possess male and female
sexual organs and can produce both sperm and eggs. They mate
with other earthworms, however, to produce genetically diverse
worms.
04 ECOLOGICAL
RELATIONSHIPS IN
AN ECOSYSTEM
 Predation is when one organism eats
Predation another organism for food. The
organism that is eaten is called the prey.

Competition is when individuals or

populations compete for the same resource and
Competition can occur within or between species. When
organisms compete for a resource such as
food, space or territory.
Commensalism is a relationship in which one
organism benefits while the other is neither
Commensalis helped nor harmed. Commensal is the one
m that benefits from the relationship.
 Parasitism is a relationship in which one
organism benefits and the other organism
is harmed, but not always killed. The
Parasitis organism that benefits is called the
m parasite, and the one that is harmed is the
host. Parasites can be ectoparasites or
endoparasites.
Mutualism is a relationship in which both
Mutualism species benefit. It is a give and take
relationship.
Symbiosis is a type of relationship
Symbiotic which describes two different species
that live near each other, and both
Relationship derive benefit from the relationship.
Symbiosis describes close interactions between two or more
different species. It is different from regular interactions
between species, because in a symbiotic relationship, the two
species in the relationship live together. Many organisms are
involved in symbiotic relationships because this interaction
provides benefits to both species.
Non-Symbiotic Relationship
Non-symbiotic relationship means both species benefit when together,
but they don’t live close together and they don’t depend on each other
for survival. This relationship happens when two species come across
each other. It means free living and independent. It is a type of
interaction in which individuals of two different species or two
population function in very close association but do not affect one
another adversely and beneficially. It is also called neutralism.
 Do you have
any questions
or
clarifications?
If none…

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FOR
LISTENING!