CMR COLLEGE OF

ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ANALOG AND DIGITAL
COMMUNICATIONS

Unit-II: Angle Modulation

CMRCET

IV SEM – ECE (2022)

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering
G.Narendra
 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Syllabus

Angle Modulation: Frequency Modulation: Single tone Frequency Modulation,

Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM,
Transmission bandwidth of FM Wave, Generation of FM Waves-Direct and Indirect
FM, Detection of FM Waves: Foster Seeley Discriminator, Phase locked loop,
Comparison of FM and AM. Noise: Types of Noise, Modelling of noise and AWGN,
Comparison of Noise performance in AM, DSBSC, SSB & FM (without derivations),
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis, Super heterodyne Receiver.

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation: Frequency and Phase Modulation
The phase angle (ɵ) of sinusoidal carrier wave is varied with respect to time.
S(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[θ(t)]
θ(t)=F [𝛚c, m(t)] =F [𝛚c, 𝑨m 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕)]
Phase Modulation: θ(t)= 𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + ϕ(t) where ϕ(t)= Kpm(t)
Kp = Phase Sensitivity in radian/Volt
Spm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + kpm(t)]

Frequency Modulation: θ(t)= 𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + ϕ(t) where ϕ(t)= 𝟐𝝅Kf

Kf = Frequency Sensitivity in Hz/Volt
Sfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + 𝟐𝝅kf ]
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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Angle Modulation: Frequency and Phase Modulation

m(𝒕) = 𝑨m𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕)

c(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕)

Sfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c t +
𝟐𝝅kf ]

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Single Tone Angle Modulation:
m(t) = 𝑨m 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕) c(t) = 𝑨c 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕+ϕ)
Sfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + 𝟐𝝅kf ]

Sfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇i t)
𝒇i (t)= fc + kf m(t) = fc + 𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕)

𝒇i (t)= fc + 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇m𝒕)

Frequency Deviation = Δf = kf 𝑨m
Maximum Frequency of FM wave = fmax = fc+Δf
Modulation Index = β =
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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM using PM

Message Signal Phase FM Wave S(t)

m(t) Integrator
Modulator
c(t) = 𝑨c 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕)
Carrier

Generation of PM using FM
Message Signal Frequency PM Wave S(t)
m(t) Differentiator
Modulator
c(t) = 𝑨c 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕)
Carrier

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Types of Frequency Modulations

Narrow Band FM: β<1

Frequency Modulation
Wide Band FM: β>1

Narrow Band FM (β<1):

Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄
Let g(t)=
θ(t)= 𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + 𝟐𝝅Kf g(t)
𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟑
Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄[1 + jkf g(t)] 𝒆 =𝟏+ + + + … ,− ∞ < 𝒙 < ∞
𝟏 ! 𝟐 ! 𝟑!

Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕) - 𝑨𝒄kf g(t)𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of Narrow Band Frequency Modulations

𝝅 𝒇 𝒕)
i n (𝟐 c

m (t)𝐬
Message Signal k
Integrator
Balanced - 𝑨c p ∑
FM Wave S(t)
m(t) g(t) Modulator

-𝑨c 𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕)
90o Phase
Carrier
Shifter c(t)
= 𝑨c 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c𝒕)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Wide Band Frequency Modulations (β>1)
Swbfm(t) = 𝑨c {J0(β) 𝐬in(𝛚c𝒕) + J1(β) [𝐬in(𝛚c + 𝛚m)t - 𝐬in(𝛚c - 𝛚m)t]
+ J2(β) [𝐬in(𝛚c + 2𝛚m)t - 𝐬in(𝛚c - 2𝛚m)t]
+ J2(β) [𝐬in(𝛚c + 3𝛚m)t - 𝐬in(𝛚c - 3𝛚m)t] + … }

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Wide Band Frequency Modulations (β>1)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Wide Band Frequency Modulations (β>1)

Bandwidth = 2fm[No. of Significant Side bands]

Carson’s Rule:
Bandwidth = 2[Δf + fm(max)]

No. of sidebands depends on the

modulation index of FM.
Power Transmitted: Pt =
(Constant)
LSBs USBs

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Comparison of FM and PM
S.No Frequency Modulation
1 In Frequency Modulation amplitude and phase remain
the same.
2 Frequency Modulation is proportional to modulating
voltage.
3 Associated with the change in frequency, there is some
phase change.
4 It is possible to receive FM on a PM receiver.
5 Noise immunity is poor than AM and PM.
6 Signal to noise ratio is better than in phase modulation.
7 Frequency Modulation is widely used.
8 In FM, the frequency derivation is proportional to the
modulating voltage only.
9 Amplitude of FM wave is constant.
10 In FM, received signal is of high quality.
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Phase Modulation
In Phase Modulation, the frequency and amplitude remain
the same.
Phase Modulation is proportional to modulating voltage.
Associated with the change in phase, there is some
frequency change.
It is possible to receive PM on a FM receiver.
Noise immunity is better than AM but worst than PM.
Signal to noise ratio is poor than in frequency modulation.
Phase Modulation is used in mobile system.
In PM, the frequency derivation is proportional to the
modulating voltage as well as modulating frequency.
Amplitude of PM wave is also constant.
In PM, received signal is of low quality.
 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Comparison of FM and PM
S.No Frequency Modulation Amplitude Modulation
1 Amplitude of FM wave is constant. It is Amplitude of AM wave will change with the
independent of the modulation index. modulating voltage.
2 Hence, transmitted power remains constant. Transmitted power is dependent on the modulation
It is independent of β (Modulation Index of index.
FM).

3 All the transmitted power is useful.
4 FM receivers are immune to noise.
5 It is possible to decrease noise further by
increasing deviation.
6 Bandwidth = 2[Δf+fm]. The bandwidth
depends on modulation index.
7 BW is large. Hence, wide channel is required. BW is much less than FM.
8 Space wave is used for propagation. So,
radius of transmission is limited to line of
sight.
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Carrier power and one sideband power are useless.
AM receivers are not immune to noise.
This feature is absent in AM.
Bandwidth = 2fm . It is not dependent on the
modulation index.
Ground wave and sky wave propagation is used.
Therefore, large area is covered than FM.
 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Comparison of FM and PM
S.No Frequency Modulation Amplitude Modulation
9 It is possible to operate several transmitters Not possible to operate more channels on same
on same frequency. frequency.
10 FM transmission and reception equipment AM equipments are less complex.
are more complex.
11 The number of sidebands having significant Number of sidebands in AM will be constant and
amplitudes depends on modulation index β. equal to 2.
12 The information is contained in the The information is contained in the amplitude
frequency variation of the carrier. variation of the carrier.
13

14 Applications :Radio, TV broadcasting, police Applications: Radio and TV broadcasting.

wireless, point to point communications

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM
FM Generation

Direct Indirect
(Parameter Variation) (Armstrong) Method
Method
Reactance Modulators

Varactor Diode Modulators

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM (Reactance Modulator)
 VCO – to change the carrier frequency depending upon the message signal

- A tuned circuit with high quality factor is used

 Variable reactance circuits may be – FETs, BJTs and Varactor Diodes

1
Carrier Frequency (𝛚c) =
√(LC)
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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM (Reactance Modulator)
1
Carrier Frequency (𝛚c) =
2π√[L1+L2]C(t)
C(t)= C – kcm(t)
1 kc
fo = and fi(t)= fo {1 – m(t)}-1/2
2π√[L1+L2]C C

If ΔCmax due to m(t) is very small compared to C

kc
fi(t)= fo {1 + m(t)} = fo + fo kc m(t)} = fo + kf m(t)}
2C 2C
whare kf = fo kc a frequency sensitivity of the modulator
2C
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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM (Varactor Diode Modulator)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM (Armstrong Method)

Phase I: Generation of NBFM

Phase II: Use of Frequency
Multipliers and Mixers
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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Generation of FM (Armstrong Method)
Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t + 𝟐𝝅kf1 ]

Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t + ϕ1(t)] and ϕ1(t) = 𝟐𝝅kf1

Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄[c𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(ϕ1(t) - 𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t) 𝐬in(ϕ1(t)]

Since ϕ1(t) is very small 𝐜𝐨𝐬[ϕ1(t)]=1 and 𝐬in[ϕ1(t)] =

ϕ1(t)
Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄[c𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t) - 𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t) ϕ1(t)]
Snbfm(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄c𝐨𝐬(𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t) - 𝑨𝒄 𝟐𝝅kf1 𝐬in(𝟐𝝅𝒇c1 t)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Demodulation of FM
FM Detection

Direct Indirect
Method (PLL) Method
Frequency Discriminators
Zero Crossing Detector
Phase Discriminators

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Detection of FM (Phase Discrimination Method)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Detection of FM (Phase Discrimination Method)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Detection of FM (Using PLL)
 Used in presence of Large Noise and Low signal power

 Large distance communications like space links and FM receivers.

ec tor
se Det
P ha

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Detection of FM (Using PLL)
S(𝒕) = 𝑨𝒄 𝐬in[𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + ϕ1(t)] ϕ1(t) = 𝟐𝝅kf

b(𝒕) = 𝑨v 𝐜𝐨𝐬[𝟐𝝅𝒇c t + ϕ2(t)] ϕ2(t) = 𝟐𝝅kv

e(𝒕) = km𝑨m𝑨𝒄 𝐬in[ϕ1(t) - ϕ2(t)] = km𝑨m𝑨𝒄 𝐬in[ϕe(t)]

ϕe(t) = [ϕ1(t) - ϕ2(t)] = ϕ1(t) - 𝟐𝝅kv

 Assuming that the Impulse Response of LPF is h(t) then

v(t) =

ϕe(t) = ϕ1(t) - 𝟐𝝅 kvkm𝑨m𝑨𝒄

= - 2πk0
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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Detection of FM (Using PLL)

v(t) = m(t)

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis
 Noise is more in High frequencies

 Needs to improve SNR at these higher frequencies with selective frequency

response circuits.

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Super Heterodyne Receiver
 Radio Receiver – TRF (Tuned Radio Frequency) Receiver
Super Heterodyne Receiver

Ga
ng
ed
Tu
nin
g

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Noise: It is an unwanted signal which tends to interfere with the modulating
signal.

Classification of Noise:
Atmospheric Noise
Natural Noise Solar Noise
Extraterrestrial Noise
Man-made Noise Cosmic Noise
Internal Noise Thermal Noise
Shot Noise
Partition Noise
Flicker (low-frequency) Noise

Transit Time (high-frequency)Noise

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Noise:
 Signal to Noise Ratio : Ratio of Signal power to Noise Power

 Noise Factor : Ratio of SNR of Input to SNR of Output

 Noise Figure : Expression of Noise Factor in decibels

 Figure of Merit: Ratio of SNR of output to SNR of input

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Additive White Gaussian Noise:

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 Unit-II: Angle Modulation
Comparison of Noise in AM & FM:
Parameter DSBFC DSBSC SSBSC Frequency Modulation

Figure of <1 1 1 1.5 (β)2

Merit

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End of II-Unit