The document discusses Thorndike's theory of learning through trial and error. It states that learning occurs through practice, mistakes, and experiencing the consequences of behaviors. Thorndike's three laws of learning are: readiness, exercise, and effect. According to the laws, learning is best when one is prepared and motivated, repetition reinforces learning, and positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors while negative consequences weaken them. The theory implies that learning occurs gradually through trying alternatives until finding a successful solution.
The document discusses Thorndike's theory of learning through trial and error. It states that learning occurs through practice, mistakes, and experiencing the consequences of behaviors. Thorndike's three laws of learning are: readiness, exercise, and effect. According to the laws, learning is best when one is prepared and motivated, repetition reinforces learning, and positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors while negative consequences weaken them. The theory implies that learning occurs gradually through trying alternatives until finding a successful solution.
The document discusses Thorndike's theory of learning through trial and error. It states that learning occurs through practice, mistakes, and experiencing the consequences of behaviors. Thorndike's three laws of learning are: readiness, exercise, and effect. According to the laws, learning is best when one is prepared and motivated, repetition reinforces learning, and positive reinforcement strengthens behaviors while negative consequences weaken them. The theory implies that learning occurs gradually through trying alternatives until finding a successful solution.
THAT OCCURES AS A RESULT OF PRACTICE AND EXPERIENCE E.L Thorndike (1874-1949) • This theory was expounded by American Psychologist Thorndike in 1898. • He conducted many experiments on cats , dogs , and fish and concluded that we learn each and everything by making mistakes and error. • Trial and error theory also known as Stimulus- Response theory. Trial and Error Learning • It describes an organisms attempt to learn /solve a problem by trying alternative possibilities until a correct solution or desirable outcome is achieved . • It usually involves – • A number of attempts and a number of errors –before correct behavior is learnt. • Motivation (to achieve a goal)
• Exploration – either random or purposefully
• Reward - correct response is rewarded
Once learnt behavior will usually be performed quickly and with
fewer errors EXPERIMENT Three laws of learning
• LAW OF READINESS • LAW OF EXERCISE • LAW OF EFFECT LAW OF READINESS
• Implies the degree of preparedness eagerness
to learn
• It is the preparation for action and attitude
and student learn best when mentally, physically and emotionally ready. LAW OF EXERCISE
• Things that are most often repeated are best
remembered .
• It means that drill or practice increase
efficiency and durability of learning also called law of use or disuse. LAW OF EFFECT
• Based on the emotional reaction and
motivation of the student ,it means positive outcome=repeat behavior.
• Satisfying response strengthen the connection
of a response to occur again whereas if the response of a situation is unsatisfying it is less likely to occur again . Educational Implications • According to this theory the task can be started from easier aspects towards its difficult side. This approach will benefit the weaker and backward children.
• A small child learns some skill through trial and
error method only such as sitting ,standing , running etc. In teaching also the child rectifies the writing after committing mistakes • In this theory more emphasis has been laid on Motivation. Without motivation there is no learning.
• Practice leads a man towards maturity with the
help of this theory the wrong habits of the children can be modified and the goal habits strengthened.
• The effect of reward and punishment also effect
the learning of the child . Thus the theory lay emphasis on the use of reward and punishment in the class by the teacher. • The theory may be found quite helpful in changing the behavior of the delinquent children. The teacher should cure such children making use of this theory.
• With the help of this theory teacher can control the
negative emotions of the children such as anger , jealously etc.
• Teacher can improve his teaching methods making
use of this theory. He must observe the effect of his/her teaching methods on the students and should not hesitate to make necessary changes in them ,if required.