19-203-0802

COMPUTER COMMU-
NICATION AND NET-
WORKING

Professional Elective – IV
SEM-8
Syllabus
 COURSE OUTCOMES
01 To demonstrate the knowledge and ability to inde-
pendently understand basic computer network
technologies

02 To identify the different types of network topologies

and protocols

03 To enumerate the layers of OSI model and TCP/IP

Protocols with its application.

04 To familiarize with network design and implementa-

tion of basic protocols of computer network
Introduction to Computer Networks

What is a net- • A network is a set of devices (often referred to as nodes) con-

nected by communication links.
work?

• A computer network is a network which allows computers to

exchange data.

• Data is transferred in the form of packets through a medium

(wired/wireless).
Components of a Network

Components
Simplified Network Model
Network Model
 Classification of Networks
• The category into which a network falls is determined by its size.

Local Area Metropolitan Wide Area

Network Area Net- Network
(LAN) work (MAN) (WAN)
 LAN
LAN is a computer network that interconnects computers within
a limited area such as a homes, school, computer laboratory, or
office building.
 MAN
MAN is a computer network larger than a LAN, covering an area
of a few city blocks to the area of an entire city.
 WAN
• WAN provides long-distance transmission of information over
large geographic areas that may comprise a country, a continent,
or even the whole world.
• Example of WAN is Internet!
 Internet
• The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks
that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between
networks and devices.
• It is a network of networks that consists of private, public, academic,
business, and government networks of local to global scope, linked by a
broad array of electronic, wireless, and optical networking technologies.
 Protocols & Architecture
• For communication to occur, the sending & receiving entities must agree
on a protocol.

• A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communications.

• The key elements of a protocol are:

• Syntax, Semantics and timing.

• Syntax: Structure or format of data

• Semantics: Meaning of each section

• Timing: when data should be sent and how fast they can be sent.
 Standards

• Guarantees national and international interoperability of data and

telecommunications technology and processes.

• Organizations dedicated for standard establishment are:

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

• International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards

Sector (ITU-T) etc.
 Protocol Architecture
• Layered architecture.

• Information is exchanged between entities based on hierarchy of layers.

• Each layer at the sending site uses the services of the layer immediately
below it.

• The sender at the higher layer uses the services of the middle layer.

• Middle layer-lower layer-carrier services.

 Protocol Architecture

• There are only few protocol architectures that are relevant today:

• OSI Reference Model

• TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• OSI- Open System Interconnection.

• TCP-Transmission Control Protocol
• IP-Internet Protocol

• The OSI model isn't a protocol; it is a model for understanding and

designing a network architecture that is flexible, robust and interoperable.
 OSI Reference Model

• The OSI model defines seven layers:

• Layer 7: Application Layer

• Layer 6: Presentation Layer
• Layer 5: Session Layer
• Layer 4: Transport Layer
• Layer 3: Network Layer
• Layer 2: Data Link Layer
• Layer 1: Physical Layer
Packet Components
 Layers in the OSI Model
• Physical Layer (Layer 1) [PHY]:

• Converts bits into electrical or optical signals.

• Deals with the physical & electrical specifications of the interface & medium.

• Representation of bits-encoding

• Data rate

• Synchronization of bits

• Line configuration- point-to-point & multipoint

• Physical topology- ring, star, mesh, hybrid etc.

• Transmission mode- simplex, half & full duplex

Data Link Layer (Layer 2) [DLL]:
• Reliably transfers frames over a link.

• Framing

• Physical addressing

• Flow control

• Error control

• Access control
Network Layer (Layer 3):

• Responsible for the source-to-destination delivery

of a packet, across multiple networks, whereas DLL
delivers frames between two systems on the same
network.

• Routing

• Logical addressing
Transport Layer (Layer 4):
• Process-to-process delivery of the entire message.

• Ensures in-order delivery of segments.

• Segmentation & reassembly

• Service point (or port) addressing

• Connection control

• Flow control

• Error control
Process-to-Process Communication
Session Layer (Layer 5):
• It establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the
interaction among communicating systems.

• Dialog control-opening, closing & managing

communication sessions.

• Synchronization points or checkpoints.

Presentation Layer (Layer 6):
• Concerned with the syntax and semantics of the
information exchanged between two systems.

• Translation

• Encryption/decryption

• Compression
Application Layer (Layer 7):
• The application layer enables the user, whether human
or software, to access the network.

• Everything is application specific.

• Example: File Transfer, Email

Summary of layers
 TCP/IP Protocol Suite
Application
• The TCP/IP protocol suite was Layer telnet, ftp, email
first defined in 1974.
Transport
• It is the protocol architecture of TCP, UDP
Layer
the Internet.

• The TCP/IP suite has four layers: Internet IP, ICMP, IGMP
•
Application, Transport, Internet, Network
and Network Interface Layer Device Drivers
Interface
• The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed prior
to the OSI model.

• Network interface layer is equivalent to the

combination of the PHY and DLL.

• The internet layer is equivalent to the network

layer.

• The application layer is doing the job of the

session, presentation, and application layers.
 Internet layer or Network Layer
• At the network layer TCP/IP supports the Internet Protocol (IP).
• IP, in turn, uses four supporting protocols: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and
IGMP.

• Internetworking Protocol (IP)

• The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is the transmission mechanism
used by the TCP/IP protocols.
• It is an unreliable and connectionless protocol.
• IP transports data in packets called datagrams, each of which is
transported separately.
• Address resolution protocol (ARP):
• It is used to find the physical address of the node when its
IP address is known.
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP):
• It is used to discover a node’s IP address when it knows
only its physical address.
• Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP):
• Is a mechanism used by hosts to send notification of
datagram problems back to the sender. ICMP sends query
and error reporting messages.
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP):
• Is used for transmission of a message to a group of
recipients.
 Transport Layer
• TCP/IP supports two protocols for representing transport
layer: TCP and UDP.

• UDP- User Datagram Protocol

• UDP is a connection-less unreliable protocol that is used for
delivering messages between processes.
• Used in delay sensitive applications.

• TCP- Transmission Control Protocol

• TCP provides full transport-layer services to applications.
• TCP is a reliable stream transport protocol- connection-
oriented protocol.
 Application Layer
• The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined
session, presentation, and application layers in the OSI model.
• Many protocols are defined at this layer.

• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

• Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
• Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
• Domain Name System (DNS)
• File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
• Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
Comparison of OSI Model and TCP/IP Suite

OSI TCP/IP

Application
Application
Presentation

Session
Transport
Transport

Network Internetwork
Network
Data Link Access

Physical Physical
Switching Techniques
 Circuit Switching
• Two nodes communicate with each other over a dedicated
communication path.

• There is a need of pre-specified route from which data will

travel and no other data is permitted.

• In this type of switching, once a connection is established, a

dedicated path exists between both ends until the connection
is terminated.

• Eg: Telephone communication

 Packet Switching
• Messages are divided into packets of fixed or variable
size.

• Resources are allocated on demand.

• Each switching node has a buffer to hold packets

temporarily.

• If the outgoing line is busy, the packet stays in queue

until the line becomes available.

• Packet switching divided into Datagram switching &

Virtual Circuit switching
Datagram packet switching
• Each packet is routed independently through the
network.

• Each packet carries a header that contains the

full information about the destination.

• Each packet takes its own path in order to reach

the destination.
 Virtual Circuit switching
• Entire message is divided into packets.

• But before data transfer, a virtual circuit is established

• Packets will have to use the pre-established route to

reach the destination.

• The virtual circuit is not a dedicated path; it could be

used for other data transfers.
 Network Topologies

• Physical arrangement of devices in a network.

• Ring
• Star
• Bus
• Tree
• Mesh