UNIT 4

CHALLENGES IN IOT
Challenges
Scalability :
 Providing acceptable levels of service in the presence of large number of nodes.
 Typically, throughput decreases at a rate of 1/√N, N = number of nodes.
Quality of service :
 Offering guarantees in terms of bandwidth, delay, jitter, packet loss
probability.
 Limited bandwidth, unpredictable changes in RF channel characteristics.
Energy efficiency
 Nodes have limited battery power
 Nodes need to cooperate with other nodes for relaying their information.
Security
 Open medium.
 Nodes prone to malicious attacks, infiltration, eavesdropping, interference.
Current Challenges in IoT
Large Scale of Co-Operation:
• The cooperation and coordination of millions of distributed devices are
required on Internet
Global Heterogeneity:
• Heterogeneous IoT devices and their subnets
Unknown IoT Device Configuration:
• The different configuration modes for IoT devices which come from
unknown owners
Semantic Conflicts :
• Different processing logics applied to same IoT networked devices or
applications
What is Interoperability?
Interoperability is a characteristic of a product or system ,
whose interfaces are completely understood , to work with
other products or systems, present or future , in either
implementation or access , without any restrictions.
• Communicate meaningfully
• Exchange data or services
Different Types of Interoperability?
3

User Interoperability :
• Interoperability problem between a user and a device
Device Interoperability:
• Interoperability problem between two different devices
Different Types of Interoperability?
User Interoperability :
• Interoperability problem between a user and a device
Device Interoperability:
• Interoperability problem between two different devices

User Interoperability
The following problems need to be solved
• Device identification and categorization for discovery
• Syntactic interoperability for device integraction
• Semantic interoperability for device interaction
Device identification and categorization for discovery
There are different solutions for generating unique address
• Electronic Product Codes (EPC)
• Universal Product Code (UPC)
• Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
• IP Addresses : IPv6
There are different device classification solutions
United Nations Standard Products and Services Code (UNSPSC) *
• an open, global, multi-sector standard for efficient, accurate, flexible
classification of products and services.
eCl@ss **
• The standard is for classification and clear description of cross-industry
products
Syntactic Interoperability for Device Interaction
• The interoperability between devices and device user in term of
message formats
• The message format from a device to a user is understandable for
the user’s computer
• On the other hand, the message format from the user to the device
is executable by the device
Some popular approaches are:
• Service-oriented Computing (SOC)-based architecture
• Web services
• RESTful web services
• Open standard protocols such as IEEE 802.15.4, IEEE 802.15.1,
and Wireless HART*
• Closed protocols such as Z-Wave*
*But these standards are incompatible with each other
Syntactic Interoperability for Device Interaction (Contd. )
Middleware technology
• Software middleware bridge
• Dynamically map physical devices with different domains
• Based on the map, the devices can be discovered and controlled,
remotely
Cross-context syntactic interoperability
• Collaborative concept exchange
• Using XML syntax
Semantic Interoperability for Device Interaction
• The interoperability between devices and device user in term of
message’s meaning
• The device can understand the meaning of user’s instruction that is
sent from the user to the device.
• Similarly, the user can understand the meaning of device’s response
sent from the device
• Some popular approaches : Ontology
• Device ontology
• Physical domain ontology
• Estimation ontology

Ontology-based solution is limited to the defined domain /context

Device Interoperability
Solution approach for device interoperability
Universal Middleware Bridge (UMB)
• Solves seamless interoperability
problems caused by the heterogeneity
of several kinds of home network
middleware
• UMB creates virtual maps among the
physical devices of all middleware home
networks, such as HAVI, Jini, LonWorks,
and UPnP
• Creates a compatibility among these
middleware home networks
Device Interoperability (Contd.)
UMB consists
UMB Core (UMB-C)
UMB Adaptor (UMB-A)
Device Interoperability (Contd.) UMB
consists
UMB Core (UMB-C)
UMB Adaptor (UMB-A)
 Issues in IOT
1.Privacy in IoT: IoT has become an integral part in various applications like remote patient monitoring,
energy consumption control, traffic control, and smart parking system. In all of these applications, users require
protection of personal information which is related to their movement, habits, and interactions with other people.
Challenges:
(1) Profiling and Tracking
(2) Localization and Tracking.
(3) Secure Data Transmission
2. Lightweight Cryptographic Framework for IoT: IoT introduces new challenges in terms
of energy and power consumption. It is desired that the cryptographic primitives designed for IoT
should be lightweight. ,These primitives must consume fewer resources without compromising
the required level of security. Small code and/or RAM size are preferable for lightweight
applications in case of software implementation.

Challenge: Given the constraints of hardware resources, there is a need to design a lightweight
cryptographic framework for IoT ,this can be achieved by proposing cryptographic primitives that
need to be revisited and designed considering the constraints of IoT devices.
3.Secure Routing and Forwarding in IoT: IP-based IoT inherits attack threats
of IPv4. Some of these well-known attacks are black-hole attacks, sybil, spoofing,
smurfing, eavesdropping, neighbor discovery, man-in-the-middle, rogue devices,
and fragmentation attacks.
Challenges:
(1) Secure Route Establishment.
(2) Isolation of Malicious Nodes
(3) Self-Stabilization of the Security Protocol.
(4) Preservation of Location Privacy.
4.Robustness and Resilience Management in IoT: IoT network constitutes
heterogeneous devices where managing such kind of network is not an easy task.
Challenges:
(1) Attack Tolerance
(2) Early Detection of Attacks
(3) Quick Recovery from Failures
5.Denial of Service and Insider Attack Detection in IoT: Denial of
service (DoS) attacks have devastating effects on IoT applications. DoS
attacks make the IoT services unavailable, thus disrupting their normal
operations.
Challenges:
(1) Resource Efficient DoS Attack Detection.
(2) Resource Efficient Counter measures.
(3) Resource Efficient Insider Attack Detection.
IoT Challenges in Smart Cities:
1. Security and Privacy
• Exposure to attacks (e.g. cross-site scripting, side channel,
etc.).
• Exposure to vulnerabilities.
• Multi-tenancy induces the risk of data leakage.
2. Heterogeneity
• Integration of varying hardware platforms and specifications.
• Integration of different radio specifications.
• Integration of various software platforms.
• Accommodating varying user requirements.
3. Reliability
• Unreliable communication due to vehicle mobility.
• Device failures still significant
4. Large scale
• Delay due to large scale deployments.
• Delay due to mobility of deployed nodes.
IoT Challenges in Smart Cities :
5. Legal and Social aspects
• Services based on user provided information may be subject to local or international laws.
• Individual and informed consent required for using humans as data sources.

6. Big data
• Transfer, storage and maintenance of huge volumes of data is expensive.
• Data cleaning and purification is time consuming.
• Analytics on gigantic data volumes is processing intensive.

7. Sensor Networks
• Choice of appropriate sensors for individual sensing tasks is crucial.
• Energy planning is crucial.
• Device placement and network architecture is important for reliable end-to-end IoT
implementation.
• Communication medium and means play an important role in seamless function of IoT in
smart cities.
Refences :
• NPTEL online resources
• Google Links