Research Methodology and Data Analysis Support Material 2

OVERVIEW OF PROCESS
Research
Research
questions
Objective
Generalisability/
Implications of Univariate/
answers multivariate
Discuss & Research Previous

Conclude Literature
problem
Validity/
Reliability/
Research answers Concept’l
findings Framew’k
Research
method
DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

f s p p p Administrative science, UiTM
RESEARCH METHOD AND DATA ANALYSIS-ADS511
Definition of Literature Review
• Is not a restatement but rather a review.

• Reviewing literature means to find out the main ideas about
the phenomenon.
•Purpose of doing literature

Research Method & Analysis Data: ADS511
Topic: Literature review

Lecture objectives:
This lecture is intended to
 Process of analysing existing knowledge as provide students an
embodied in the literature related areas and understanding of the purpose
and procedure of literature
making some insightful comments. review
 Literature can answer some of the research Points to ponder:

questions and sharpen you research objectives.
• How much of the literature
 why is it important
should I restate in my
 who said it is important review?
 what do we know & not know – the gaps • Is there a quick and easy way
 what concepts are involved to display my review?
• How useful is the Internet for
 what studies have revealed
review purposes?
• How much weight can I give
to public materials on the
Internet?
 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Literature review (continued…)

Lecture objectives:
 Presenting the review provide students tips/help on
 what type of method used doing literature reviews
 how were the concepts defined
 how variables measured
Points to ponder:
 tabulate, if there are many studies
 don’t paste chunks from the references • Reviewers can easily tell if
 your comments in tying up the many points is you have cut and paste or
reviewed?
critical • Learn to scan materials
 summarise the main point or findings quickly.
 only quote passages if the point is central • Reviews by others is good
 referencing conventions should be followed way of learning to do
reviews.
 break the review into subheadings, if
necessary.

Topic: Literature review: how to do it?

Lecture objectives:
 Use the electronic search facilities in the library provide students tips on
 Carry out a keyword search using doing literature reviews
 Business Periodical Online
 Use internet search through Abscohost,
Points to ponder:
Proquest
 Northern Light, Emerald, Science Direct, • Let I.T. do the searching. You
Lexis etc. cannot be better at this.
• Which database to search?
 Collect a reasonable bibliography • What databases are available
 Start looking for the materials to UTM students? Call
 Scan them for relevance and further reading 55443712/55443713 for
 Make copies or take notes for your review answers or visit UiTM
website

Topic: Literature review: How to do it?

Lecture objectives:
 When taking notes provide students with some
 note the points relevant to your study guidelines on topic selection.
 take down the name of author/s
 the title of book or journal or magazine,
Points to ponder:
 publisher,
 year of publication • What conventions are we to
 place of publication follow?
• Do you know the convention
 Notes should be kept in one place, notebook or
applicable to you?
cards • Always collect the references
 Notes can be coded or categorised for easy details as you read or before
reference you read. NEVER leave it till
later.
 Use software to help you esp. if you are not
organised person

Topic: Literature review: How to do it?

Lecture objectives:
Example: Smoking Habit
provide students with some
Raja and Rani (2005) examined the role of family in teenager’s
guidelines on topic selection.
smoking habit. They studied form 3-5 students in 50 different
schools in Peninsula Malaysia. Their cross-sectional study
showed that teenagers whose parents who smoked are 3 times as Points to ponder:
likely to smoke as those whose parents did not smoke. Among
the parents who smoked, the correlation between the father who • What conventions are we to
smoked and the male teenager son was the strongest (r = 0.7). follow?
This study not only provided correlational evidence of the • Do you know the convention
influence parents in their children’s smoking habit, it also applicable to you?
highlighted the strong role of father in their son’s smoking • Always collect the references
behavior. This finding was further supported by a study of details as you read or before
smoking habit among young girls in Singapore by Lee (2004). you read. NEVER leave it till
Lee (2004) found that young girls from single parent households later.
are most likely to involved in smoking if their parent smoked.
Lee also found that young girls whose parent smoked at home
were 2 twice as likely to be cigarette smokers (r= 0.76 compared
to 0.3 for parent who only smoked at work).

Tabular Summary of Literature

No Author, yr N Subjects Sampling Design Data Theory Findings
analysis

Exercise 4
 Form 3 groups
 Read the assigned articles (30min)
 Write (using word) short review piece (elect a scribe)
 Collective revise and present LCD.
Please read the article on SQ provided. What can say about these articles?
1. What is the purpose of article A? ( research objective)

2. How did the study proposed to meet this purpose? (Research method,
research design)
3. Was there a particular theory or perspective used in the study? (theory)
4. Who and how many sample was studied?
5. How did they measure the variables?
6. What did they find? Is there any new findings or its confirmation of the
old?
7. Can we rely on this results?

Points to ponder:
The GLC Steering Committee (GLCSC)
• This is very close to what
released a report prepared by McKinsey
actually transpired in the
on the performance of GLCs. It showed
GLC review process.
that all GLCs are underperforming when • Can you diagram the
benchmarked to similiar others framework implicit in this
worldwide. They attributed the lack diagnosis?
lustre performance to poor leadership, • What the other causes of this
weak management and low productivity. problem that you can think
The report contains details of the of?
• Are they differences within
transformations necessary to improve
the GLCs? Can this
the financial health of all the GLCs. The framework apply to all?
first step in this recovery is to identify • What kind of perspective do
and set KPIs for each and every GLC you think they have adopted?
and monitor their progress on a quarterly • Have heard of McKinsey’s 7-
basis. The GLCSC will… S framework? Internet is
very useful here.

Lecture objectives:
Practical value of Conceptualisation & Conceptual This lecture is intended to
provide students with an
framework understanding of conceptual
framework
Leadership: Points to ponder:
• When you look at this CF,

what does it tell you about
Role/ Poor the way the researcher is
Objective:Soc GLC thinking of the problem?
ial or Perfor • What are some of the
Economic mance assumptions here?
• Are there variables left out?
• Would you accept this as a
Productivity good framework to view the
problem and take action? If
yes, why and if no Why not?
Inferred from the report on GLC in the previous slide

The Zahid Report released in 2006

Points to ponder:
reviewed the state of the public higher
education and made the following • This is close to what was
recommended to enhance the standing of contained in the Zahid
local public universities. Report (2006)
• Can you diagram the
framework implicit in this
1. role of universities be clarified. diagnosis?
2. university's service scheme be uncoupled • What the other causes of this
from the civil service structure. problem that you can think
of?
3. the universities be allowed to hire • What kind of perspective do
academics from abroad on contract basis, you think they have adopted?
4. that industry involvement must be
intensified,
5. universities be allowed invest a wider range
of portfolio both local and foreign,
6. improve the use of ICT in teaching and
learning.
7. be permitted to charge actual cost of
education.
Steps in Literature Review
Steps in Reviewing Literature

Stage 1: Identify the theme of the work/article
Stage 2: Identify the approach used by the writer(s)
•Stage 3: Note down the main findings.
• Stage 4: Consider those findings in the context of
your research focus or other works.

Steps in Literature Review continue…
Stage 5: -Good organization of the review.

Stage 6: Acknowledgement.
***Important notice: Do not plagiarize

Stage Five: Good Organization of

literature
• (a) You may arrange the literature by sub-topic.
• (b) Match those with the same aregument together.
•© You can also match those with contradicting
argument together.

f s p p p The art of administrative science
RESEARCH METHOD & DATA ANALYSIS-ADS511
Stage Six: Quotation, Citazation
• Quotation
• quotation more than THREE (3) lines must be indented
•Citations or references.

Conceptual Framework
• Definition: is to represent the research topic with a
diagram.
•Benefits:
• (a) it helps captured all hallmarks of the topic
• (b) It gives a clear understanding of interconnections
between all variables.
•© It exposes to researcher how one issues leads to
anothers.
Every research has an
implicit conceptual
framework. Just make it
explicit.

diagram.
•Benefits:
anothers.
implicit conceptual
explicit.

• Is a Diagrammatic Framework.
• The variables must be identified and labeled the CF.
• The relationships must be indicated through
conventional vector(s).
• Define and operationalize the concepts and explain the
relationships between them.
• Use all the materials in the literature to justify and
describe the relationship being posited.
implicit conceptual
explicit.

Lecture objectives:
Practical value of Conceptualisation & Conceptual This lecture is intended to
framework understanding of conceptual
framework
Hiring
powers
Points to ponder:
Investment • When you look at this CF,
Autonomy what does it tell you about
the way the researcher is
Industry Standin thinking of the problem?
Involvement g of PU • What are some of the
assumptions here?
ICT in • Are there variables left out?
Teaching & • Would you accept this as a
Learning good framework to view the
problem and take action? If
yes, why and if no Why not?
Inferred from the report on Higher Education

Lecture objectives:
Education/ This lecture is intended to
Training provide students with an
orientation understanding of conceptual
H1 framework
University
Curriculu Points to ponder:
mDev’t H2 Level of
Mismatch • When you look at this CF,
Policy
H5 the way the researcher is
H3 thinking?
Market
• Give me some of YOUR
study Job thoughts?
market
Soft - hard
Informatio H4
n from
The graduates do not have the KSA
employers
required by the
employers/industry /market:
Mismatch is very descriptive of the
 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Scienceproblem.
& Policy Studies
Lecture objectives:
IT Literacy
understanding of conceptual
Time Value
framework
PEU
Intentio
E-service Attitude Behaviour
n
exp. - E-Filing
PU
Self-Efficacy
Points to ponder:
Trust in Gov. • When you look at this CF,

PU: Perceived Utility the way the researcher is
PEU: Perceived Ease of Use thinking of the problem?
• Give me some of YOUR
thoughts?

Topic: Developing Conceptual Framework

 Conceptual framework makes explicit the research in Lecture objectives:
brief This lecture is intended to
 what to you want to study provide students with an
 what concepts are involved understanding of conceptual
 how these concepts related. framework
 what variables are excluded (delimitation)
 A diagrammatic conceptual framework facilitates quick Points to ponder:
understanding of the study and the concepts involved. • Why am I looking at these
 a picture is worth a 1000 words
variables?
 shows relationships between and among concepts • How are the variables
 quick and visual of outlining the study related?
 Conceptual framework sets the scope of research by • Are they moderating or
marking out variables not focus of this study mediating variables?
 observers know the boundaries of the study (delimits)
 ‘conceptual scope’
 must be consistent with the research objectives,
research problem, research method and findings


 Concepts and constructs Lecture objectives:
 Constructs/ concepts to variables (validity) This lecture is intended to
 Concepts to empirical observation provide students with an
 Independent variables (exogenous variables) understanding of conceptual
 Dependent variables (endogenous variables) framework
 Moderating variables
Points to ponder:
 Mediating variables
 Control variables • Can a dependent variable be
 Extraneous variables an independent variable at
the same time?
 Theories underlying the conceptual framework • How can we know the
 why should there be a relationship? extraneous variables?
• How can we identify the
(Goal setting posits that goals drive intensity of
control variables?
effort and eventually performance)
 Parsimonious models and theories – a simpler
model better than a complex model


 Hypotheses are statements of relationship between Lecture objectives:
two variables. These statements are outcomes of the This lecture is intended to
conceptualisation – the conceptual framework. provide students with an
 Hypotheses can be directional or non-directional framework - hypothesis
 Cigarette smoking and monthly allowance are
positively related. [directional cos’ the hypothesis Points to ponder:
posits a positive relationship].
 Cigarette smoking and monthly allowance are • How can we create
related [ non-directional cos’ no specific nature of hypothesis?
relationship is posited]. • Why we should state them in
the null?
 Null hypothesis : There is no relationship between • Should we have hypothesis?
Cigarette smoking and monthly allowance .
 Alternate hypothesis or Research hypothesis:
There is relationship a positive relationship between
cigarette smoking and monthly allowance


 Hypotheses are statements of relationship Lecture objectives:
between two variables. These statements are This lecture is intended to
outcomes of the conceptualisation – the conceptual provide students with an
framework.
framework - hypothesis
Example: Points to ponder:
 There is significant relationship between gender • How can we create

and job stress [non-directional] hypothesis?
 The male executives experience significantly more • Why we should state them in
stress than female executives [directional] the null?
• Should we have hypothesis?

Relationship between the conceptual framework and research objectives
Research questions
1. How do universities Education/
Broad
develop curriculum? Training

2. Are employers involved orientation
H1
in curriculum
development and
approval? University
Curriculu Level
Research objectives mDev’t H2 of
1. Ascertain level of match Policy matc
Specific
or mismatch. h
2. Determine type of market H5
Market H3
study
3. Categorise information study Job
sought from employers. market
Soft - hard
Informatio H4
n from
employers

+
Empowerment
Policy
+ -
Line Empowerment
+ Interest Performance
Degree of + Involvement + Growth
Market Share
Influence EPS
Competition ROI
Authority
+
Structural
+
Complexity
+
Model of Direct and Indirect Effect of Empowerment, Competition and
Complexity on Performance
+
Market
competition
Readiness of HR
+ to devolve
Corporate +
+ Empowerment
Empowerment
+ of the line
Policies
Readiness of Line
+
to assume
Institutional
Isomorphism
+
Conceptual Framework for the Empowerment of the Line


What would
influence the
measurement
value Shamsul’s Study
perception? H1
What would
influence the
measurement Are there
H2 Value of
value mediators?
perception?
Measurement
What would H5
influence the H3
measurement
value Are there
perception? moderators
What would ?
influence the
measurement
Executives do not think that measurement regime imposed or
value required is of any use them – value or relevance and this is
perception? H4 manifested by refusal to adopt, lack of commitment, poor
quality data, constant arguments over measures etc.

What would
influence the
TQM
understanding?
H1
Fakruddin’s Study
What would
influence the
TQM Are there TQM
H2
understanding mediators? Understandin
? g
What would
H5
influence the H3
TQM
understanding Are there
? moderators
What would ?
influence the
The problem is the lack of proper
TQM
understanding of TQM which is manifested
understanding H4
by (symptoms) devaluing the idea, focusing
?
on means, improvement driven by internal
needs etc.
Topic: Theory & Conceptual Framework

Lecture objectives:
provide students with and
understanding of explaining
Process the theory underpinning the
Justice CF
Points to ponder:
Distributive Organizational
Justice Commitment • Which theory?
• Where do I look for them?
• What I don’t have one?
Interactional
Justice
Social Exchange Theory (Blau, 1962): People examine what they give
or provide and receive from others either immediately or in future.
This theory suggest that employees may develop (show or give)
commitment depending what they have received from the employers
(treatment). Hence, this theory can be used to justify the above model
of organisational commitment.
Topic: Theory & Conceptual Framework

Lecture objectives:
Trust in provide students with and
Gov’t understanding of explaining
the theory underpinning the
CF
Trust in Adoption
Technology Intentions Points to ponder:
• Which theory?
Trust in • Where do I look for them?
People • What I don’t have one?
• The internet is a good place
to look for theories. Look up
http://changingminds.org/dis
Theory of Reasoned Action (Fishbein & Azjen, 1975, 1980; ciplines/leadership/theories/l
http://www.people.umass.edu/aizen/f&a1975.html): This eadership_theories.htm
theory posits that people’s behaviors are shaped by their for simple list if theories in
different areas of
beliefs, attitudes and intentions. The above CF is based on the
management
attitude and intention relationship that is posited by this
theory.
Conceptual Framework (CF)

• Representing A Conceptual Framework Diagrammatically
Independent variable Dependent variable
Career development Job performance

Job position

Another Topic
• Leadership, Engagement and Outcome of Engagement
• How would you construct Conceptual Framework for it?
•How would you construct your research questions?
•How would you explain the various relationships
between the constructs?

• A diagramatic Representation of Conceptual Framework
Topic: Leadership, Engagement and Outcome of Engagement
IV DV
Leadership Outcome
Style
Autocratic
• Increase in
Engagement productivity
• High employee
Human Oriented retention

How many variables should be in CF?

• Suggestions:
•(1) This would depend on yur needs.
•(2) Not everything you have in literature must be used.
•(3) Identify the most relevants to the topic.
•(4) Choose those that can fit the situation, culture and
nature of the study.

diagram.
•Benefits:
anothers.
implicit conceptual
explicit.

• Is a Diagrammatic Framework.
• The variables must be identified and labeled the CF.
• The relationships must be indicated through
conventional vector(s).
• Define and operationalize the concepts and explain the
relationships between them.
• Use all the materials in the literature to justify and
describe the relationship being posited.
implicit conceptual
explicit.

Conceptual Framework (CF)

• Representing A Conceptual Framework Diagrammatically
Independent variable Dependent variable
Career development Job performance

Job position


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OVERVIEW OF PROCESS

Discuss & Research Previous

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

Definition of Literature Review

• Is not a restatement but rather a review.

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

Topic: Literature review

 Literature can answer some of the research Points to ponder:

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Literature review (continued…)

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Literature review: how to do it?

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Literature review: How to do it?

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Literature review: How to do it?

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Tabular Summary of Literature

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

1. What is the purpose of article A? ( research objective)

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Leadership: Points to ponder:

• When you look at this CF,

Inferred from the report on GLC in the previous slide

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

The Zahid Report released in 2006

Steps in Literature Review

Steps in Reviewing Literature

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

Steps in Literature Review continue…

Stage 5: -Good organization of the review.

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

Stage Five: Good Organization of

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

Stage Six: Quotation, Citazation

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

DR ABDUL RAUFU AMBALI

Inferred from the report on Higher Education

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Trust in Gov. • When you look at this CF,

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Developing Conceptual Framework

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Developing Conceptual Framework

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Developing Conceptual Framework

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Topic: Developing Conceptual Framework

Example: Points to ponder:

 There is significant relationship between gender • How can we create

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

develop curriculum? Training

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies

Conceptual Framework for the Empowerment of the Line

 Hazman Shah Abdullah, Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies