BLD 212: BUILDING CONSTRUCTION III

PREPARED
BY

UMAR BELLO NUHU

BUILDING TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT

COLLEGE OF ENVIROMENTAL STUDIES
JIGAWA STATE POLYTECHNIC, DUTSE
 COURSE CONTENT

CREDIT UNIT: 3 UNITS

GOAL: This course is designed to acquaint students with knowledge of building construction.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES: On completion of this course the student will be able to:
• Understand principles of constructing and uses of scaffolding in building construction.
• Understand the various types of fenestration in buildings.
• Understand the different types of finishes for Floors, walls, and ceilings.

Course Assessment
• 1. Continuous Assessment (CA) – 40%
•  Assignment - 10%  Test - 25%  Attendance – 05
• 2. Exams – 60%
• Note: Attendance is compulsory, absent without valid reasons and coming to the class late will not be
entertained. Hence, any student who is 10 minutes late should stay away of the class.
 SCAFFOLDING

Scaffolding is a temporary structure to support the original structure

as well as workmen used it as a platform to carry on the construction
works. Scaffolding is needed for new construction, repairs of structures
or even demolition of a building. Scaffolding is generally needed when
the height of the structural member (wall, column, etc.) is greater than
1.5m. The scaffolding should be made by sufficient strong and stable
materials so that it can easily support and carry workman and
construction materials placed on it. During construction, as the work
progress on upwards, the height of the scaffolding is also increased.
Types of scaffolding varies with the type of construction work.
Scaffolding is made up of timber or steel. It should be stable and
strong to support workmen and other construction material placed on
it.
 COMPONENT OF SCAFFOLDING

Scaffolding has the following components: as shown below

• Standards:  Standards are perpendicular tubes that transfer the weight load to the base plates. Standards
are connected using pins and socket joints to increase the scaffolding height.
• Ledgers:   Ledgers In Scaffolding are horizontal beams that are used to support the scaffolding. They
provide a stable platform for the workers to stand on and work. The ledgers also help to distribute the
weight of the scaffolding evenly. Without ledgers, the scaffolding would be unstable and dangerous.
• Putlogs: Putlogs are placed one end on ledgers and other ends right angles on the wall. This is a
transverse member.
• Transoms:  Transoms are horizontal tubes that span across ledgers, normally at right angles (90°) to the
face of the building. They may also be used to support a working platform. 
• Bracing: One of the most important aspects of scaffolding is it’s bracing. Bracing helps to keep the
structure rigid and stable, preventing it from collapsing or tipping over
• Base plate: Scaffolding base plates are small square metal plates that the standards (uprights) rest on to
prevent them from sinking into the ground.
• Guard rail: Most scaffolding is equipped with guardrails to protect workers from falling off the
structure. Guardrails are usually made of metal or wood and are attached to the uprights of the
scaffolding
SCAFFOLDING
 TYPE OF SCAFFOLDING

Following are types of Scaffolding in construction:

• Single scaffolding
• Double scaffolding
• Cantilever scaffolding
• Suspended scaffolding
• Mobile scaffolding
• Steel scaffolding
• Patented scaffolding
Single scaffolding: is generally used for brick masonry and is also called as
brick layer’s scaffolding. Single scaffolding consists of standards, ledgers, putlogs
etc., which is parallel to the wall at a distance of about 1.2 m. Distance between
the standards is about 2 to 2.5 m. Ledgers connect the standards at vertical interval
of 1.2 to 1.5 m. Putlogs are taken out from the hole left in the wall to one end of
the ledgers. Putlogs are placed at an interval of 1.2 to 1.5 m.
 Double Scaffolding
Double Scaffolding is generally used for stone masonry so, it is also called
as mason’s scaffolding. In stone walls, it is hard to make holes in the wall to
support putlogs. So, two rows of scaffolding is constructed to make it strong.
The first row is 20 – 30 cm away from the wall and the other one is 1m away
from the first row. Then putlogs are placed which are supported by the both
frames. To make it more strong rakers and cross braces are provided.

Suspended Scaffolding
In suspended scaffolding, the working platform is suspended from roofs with
the help of wire ropes or chains etc., it can be raised or lowered to our
required level. This type of scaffolding is used for repair works, pointing,
paintings etc..
 
 Cantilever Scaffolding
This a type of scaffolding in which the standards are supported on
series of needles and these needles are taken out through holes in the
wall. This is called single frame type scaffolding. In the other type
needles are strutted inside the floors through the openings and this is
called independent or double frame type scaffolding. Care should be
taken while construction of cantilever scaffolding.
 
Generally cantilever scaffoldings are used under conditions such as
• When the ground does not having the capacity to support standards,
• When the Ground near the wall is to be free from traffic,
• When upper part of the wall is under construction.
 Mobile Scaffolding
In Trestle scaffolding, the working platform is supported on movable tripods or ladders. This
is generally used for work inside the room, such as paintings, repairs etc., up to a height of 5m.
 
Steel Scaffolding
Steel scaffolding is constructed by steel tubes which are fixed together by steel couplers or
fittings. It is very easy to construct or dismantle. It has greater strength, greater durability and
higher fire resistance. It is not economical but will give more safety for workers. So, it is used
extensively nowadays.

Patented Scaffolding
Patented scaffoldings are made up of steel but these are equipped with special couplings and
frames etc., these are readymade scaffoldings which are available in the market. In this type of
scaffolding working platform is arranged on brackets which can be adjustable to our required
level.
 
 Use of form work in floor construction

Concrete when first mixed is a fluid and therefore to form any concrete
member the wet concrete must be placed in a suitable mould to retain its
shape, size and position as it sets. These moulds are called formwork.
Formwork provides a level platform to support the wet concrete until it
hardens enough to be self-supporting. The formwork is made from timber
boards propped up from the floor below by timber supports. The structure
must take account of any beams, lintels and openings. It should be strong
and stable so that it can support the weight of people and plant as well as
the concrete.
Concrete for floor is basically a four sided box with provisions for beams
that may be constructed monolithically with the floor and propped in the
correct position and to the desired level. It is essential that all joints in the
formwork are constructed to prevent the escape of grout which could result
in honeycombing and/or feather edging in the slab cast.